Fredrick Taylor and His Scientific Management Theory free essay sample

Principles to scientific management and other theories Scientific management, as a classical management theory is a practice that deals with the careful selection of workers, the training of workers and supervising of workers for support. During the early 20th century a man called Fredrick. W. Taylor (also known as the father of scientific management) by then had a mechanical engineering background very interested in efficiency, this lead him to start the scientific management movement. Taylor had studied the â€Å"time study† concept in order to analyse the motions and tasks required in any job field so he could find out the best and efficient ways to perform that specific job. He had developed 4 principle of management from his intense studies, these were â€Å"division of responsibility and work† which was based on having scientific selection of workers for certain tasks, giving total support to workers in order for them to have a smooth way as the go about their job, they would over look their workers performance by giving some supervision and also using science to study and find the most efficient ways of operating certain tasks. We will write a custom essay sample on Fredrick Taylor and His Scientific Management Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scientific management principles were used in many workplaces that required labour, such as industries that comprised of machinery. In order to address the argument of organisations based on scientific management this thesis will firstly address the origins of scientific management then analyse some of the organisations that use scientific management (mostly in Australia) and if the use of that management theory works or not furthermore other theories will be briefly analysed, expanded, as well as using some examples from organisations. The theory discussed will be Henry Fayol’s administrative of management theories lastly a conclusion that will evaluate the points to which one is better (scientific management and administrative) will be laid down Practising of management theories in Australia was adapted from foreign countries such as England, Japan and United States of America (USA) during the 20th century. The introduction of these theories in Australia made a huge impact to the managers by uncovering them to a huge number of new theories, practises and discourses of which were being practised by other managers abroad. During that time (the earliest 20th century) a large body of managers were needed in private sector organisations and public sector organisations that way growing increasingly. Among all the management theories introduced the first formalised theory application practised in Australia was scientific management in a number of organisations. McDonalds is the world’s largest fast food company. It first open its doors in 1954 by the McDonalds brothers in the United States of America, but then it found its way to Sydney, Australia in 1971 were they had their first ever store in Australia. Over time many McDonalds sores have opened up to countless states and towns in Australia. To date there are over 780 McDonalds stores open across Australia. The McDonalds restaurant may be the world’s largest fast food organisation but it also tries to run its organisation under good management strategies, theories/ practises. One approach McDonalds has taken to management practises is the use of the classical management theories, specifically scientific management. The practise of scientific management has been used in the restaurant to maintain efficiency, and get good results out of it. Some ways in which the family restaurant McDonalds is practising its scientific management are; allowing workers to have breaks in order for them to not suffer from fatigue, workers are not paid the same amount of money its believed the workers would get lazy if they were all getting the same amount, there is division of labour as everyone has certain tasks to do and complete by the end of their shifts, they provide awards to employees that have shown commitment at work which in turn encourages them to work harder in order to receive more awards. McDonald’s use of scientific management has worked for their organisation and has helped them succeed, grow, and improve in many ways Other organisations had or still take the same approach as McDonalds by using the scientific Management theory, but the question asked bout it would be did/ have they also succeed in practising the theory?. Going back to the 20th century, 1917 to be more specific the New South Wales railways and tramways department had introduced this theory (scientific management) to the railway department. Before the introduction of this system collectivist practises and beliefs were characterised in the workshops industrial culture (taska, 98). The transport system had been seen as the key to Australia’s modernisation, economic development and progress nevertheless bureaucratic and welfare strategies were used when working with or dealing with their employees. A small group of Australian scholars had taken up the scientific management theory and grasped its importance. So to make use of the theory they introduced it to certain places and firms, for instance New South Wales railway and tram department. The introduction of this management practise had gotten workers to obtained extra supervision, had restricted them to work on certain machines and the timing of there every movement was watched around the clock and a card system was at use. Unfortunately the management system that was introduced was not popular among the workers mainly because they were used to the old systems and they did not like there restriction. Two weeks after it was introduced the workers protested. Organisations above have both used scientific management to say the least. The main difference between both organisations is that one succeeded and the other one failed specifically McDonalds had succeeded and the railway failed. The reason to McDonald’s success is that they had embraced the use of scientific management in how they ran things in their workplaces by applying its principles, in turn most of their workers/employees had learned and embraced it. The provision of giving awards also helped to some extent coz that meant employees would work harder. The New South Wales railway and tramway department failed manly because the workers were used to other ways of getting managed and they did not want to change a thing Henry fayol a man who worked in mining industry had come up with the administrative theory which involved 14 principles. The 14 principles included division of work, which was having work divided among individuals at the same organisation or company, unity of command which involved workers receiving command from only one manager. The principle of authority which to fayol was to have the right to give orders and exact obedience and one person that assumed it would assume having responsibility. Other principles included scalar chain, order equity stability of tenure of personnel initiative, espirit De Corps, Scalar discipline. Unity of direction, subordination of individual interests to the general interests, remuneration, centralisation and to name all In conclusion I would say Fredrick Taylor’s scientific management is the better approach to how most firms should be manages because of it simplicity and also because of how upfront it is to its management practises

Russian Czar Peter the Great essays

Russian Czar Peter the Great essays Peter The Great's Cruelty and It's Effect on His Power Peter the Great's reign over Russia paved the way for Russia's future as a world power. His many reforms and westernization of the country influenced millions and left a lasting legacy. The complexity of Peter is astonishing, his intellectual curiosity, combined with his hasty temper and cruelty caused a tumultuous but successful reign as Tsar. His brilliance as a ruler profoundly effected Russian society but his cruel decisions left an indelible mark on his legacy. He established his absolute power by fiercely putting down rebellions and even in personal relations with his wife and children. His cruelty and anger shown in his decisions gave him the power that allowed him to push Russia forward and allowed him to become the influential leader that he is known as today. Peter's influence on Russian society was remarkable. He inherited the position of Tsar in 1682 at the age of 10 but did not come to rule until 1689 when he overturned his sister Sophia's regency and took control over the country with his half-brother Ivan. He took absolute control over the country six years later when Ivan died (Duffy and Ricci 190). His countless reforms and westernization of Russia left it a much stronger power in European society upon his Death in 1725. His expansion of the military helped Russia strengthen their position in Europe and led to Russia's acquisition of several key pieces of land. He used reforms to create a stronger, more capable military than Russia had ever possessed. Peter used his army frequently during his reign, only one of the 36 years was peaceful. Peter's cruelty influenced many of his decisions concerning the Russian Military. He was quick to suppress any revolts and his punishments were almost always harsh to show that he was not to be betrayed. His sentences for those who betrayed him in the Streltsy Rebellion were brutal. Peter condemned ...

Ways to Alleviate Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ways to Alleviate Poverty - Essay Example Poverty is found in both the rural and urban settings, however, recent studies have shown that urban poverty is on the rise which could lead to growing inequalities among the people and finally end in conflict. The misconception of poverty stricken people residing in the rural areas that life is better off in the urban regions has only increased urban poverty (United Nations Economic). Considering this fact and also the associated negative effects of poverty such as child abuse and violence, malnutrition, unhealthy living conditions and the increasing informal settlements have resulted in the need to address poverty and provide suitable solutions to alleviate poverty (Leschied; United Nations Economic). There has been an increasing growth in economy over the past years that have given immense opportunity to people to grow. However, it would not be wise to assume that such economic development would benefit every individual living in poverty. The only other means to enhance the living conditions of the poorer sector is through introduction of suitable policies which are aimed at increasing their productivity and employment opportunities, increase investments on the small scale informal sectors where people living in poverty usually find employment, provide better living conditions for the poor and empower the poor population by providing their due social recognition. All this could be achieved through able governance with the help of other non-governmental organizations and the community as a whole. Those living under poverty have found immense employment opportunities in some informal working sector and the public and private sector companies will have to learn from the informal sectors about providing opportunities to the lower-income population. In order to increase job opportunities to the poor, the labor regulations imposed by the government should be aimed at maintaining the security provided to the existing employees. Another vital factor that would incre ase the employment of the poor is provision of adequate access to education, especially for girls, by which the literacy rate and access to employment can be attained among the poverty stricken population. In addition, investments to increase the capital of the informal working sector that employs people living in poverty should be expanded in order to provide better wages to the employees and thereby improve their living conditions. Additionally the government will also have to regularly review the regulations and procedures that are required for the operation of these informal sectors. Examples of such investments and regulatory changes have been the expansion of social collateral for the informal sector and the provision of land security for shops and workshops in the informal sector. Urban agriculture can also provide employment options for the poor sector and thus help in poverty reduction. The poor should also have banking access as it would alleviate their need to depend upon moneylenders and help them with their savings and loan requirements. Such facilities will enhance the self-confidence of the poor to start their own ventures thus paving the way for their development. In addition, if the housing needs of the poor are taken care by the government by the introduction of a security measure for their land tenure, it would help them to better their living conditions as they would not have to live with the constant fear of vacating the informal settlements. In addition, the government should also ensure that all the settlements have basic amenities such as water supply, drainage facilities, proper sanitation, good roads and power

Men in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Men in Nursing - Essay Example Men, have mostly, been curiously invisible, in the history of nursing. General nursing may be viewed as a feminine role also, because specific job tasks involve washing and close physical contact with the patient. Mental health nursing could be viewed, as being more masculine, and therefore the role of the majority of male nurses, as they sometimes have to deal with physical aggression, so have to be physically stronger and remedy disturbances of the patients mind. As nursing is also perceived, as too poorly a paid profession, It could also be a strong likelihood, of why the majority of men are "put off" from pursuing it as a career, especially as society appears to focus on men as the main family wage earners. To encourage people into non-stereotypical employment or training especially in nursing, the environment needs to be one that welcomes the individual and which is readily accessible. The conditions need to be right for that person to feel valued, in an environment where they m ay be in the minority. In order to make this happen, the place of work should be neutralized, in this case new nursing practices could be introduced, changing the image of nursing, firstly the job title of nurse could be changed, to one more suitable to both genders, to perhaps "medics" as known in the states. Developing strategy, focused on members of the multidisciplinary team, in the process of questioning their own attitudes, beliefs and values, aimed at implementing cultural and structural changes. The government, could implement new pay scales inviting more applicants, an attractive salary will certainly steer more people towards nursing as a career. (Meldrum, 2000) In new age men seem to resume their historical role as carers and nurses, like women are now resuming their role as physicians. In twentieth century nursing as a predominately female profession is changing again. American Assembly for Men in Nursing is working to support and promote men in American nursing; this

Valley of Saints Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Valley of Saints - Movie Review Example Movie reviewers have on various occasions assisted in guiding the audience to watch a movie or made the audience less interested especially when the reviewers discredits the plot and message of the film. Film Critic Roger Ebert ranks among the primary critics and the paper examines the review of Valley of Saints by Elbert and comparing it with that of the researcher. A focus on the critics by the researcher and Ebert is done on Valley of Saints movie. With Guzlar, Afzal and Asifa as the three main characters, Syeed purposively and successfully exposes the political situation and repercussions of India in Kashmir a poor Interior location. His background and experience plays a significant role in ensuring he delivers one of the best prose reflecting on bad politics and the consequences. As a result of poverty and war arising from political instability within the state of Kashmir, Guzlar with his friend Afzal who is more like a friend decides to free the city of Kashmir (Trigon-Film 2014). Although the two has love for their village as a result of friendly neighborhoods and the aspect of beauty possessed by the locals, the political tensions, and continuous wars force them to run away from home. Working as a boatman, Guzlar earns through crossing tourists across his lake Village Dal Lake.

The consumer pull demand in packaged milk

The consumer pull demand in packaged milk As the topic of the research is The consumer pull demand in (Packaged milk) industry so it involves an in depth study about the nature of the consumer, taste the consumer likes, preferences of the consumer, brand loyalty and many other characteristics related to the consumer and as well as to the product. According to this research topic the most suitable research type suppose to be used is Descriptive Research. This will help to determine the target market and segmentation done in the beverages (packaged milk) industry. Descriptive research is most commonly used and the basic reason for carrying out descriptive research is to identify the cause of something that is happening. Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what exist with respect to variable or condition in a situation The descriptive research will further help to conduct descriptive surveys to identify the characteristics of consumers who purchase soft drinks, for example mostly consumers tend to live in larger cities; buyers are mostly youngsters, housewives, working people and so on; it will help to determine the market potential; it will help to identify the extent of differences in the needs, perceptions and attitudes of the subgroups. 3.2 Research Hypothesis The following hypothesis will be formulated and tested by the researcher. Ho: The impact of advertising will not effect on consumer demand. H1: The impact of advertising will effect on consumer demand. Ho: Consumer preferences will not be checked about the type of milk they buy. H1: Consumer preferences will be checked about the type of milk they buy. Ho: The reason why customers will not discriminate among different brands H1: The reason why customers will discriminate among different brands. Ho: Extent of competitive forces in the market will not be checked. H1: Extent of competitive forces in the market will be checked. Ho: To analyze the consumer trends not in the market. H1: To analyze the consumer trends in the market. Ho: To monitor the extent to which consumer demand will not be affected by core features of product. H1: To monitor the extent to which consumer demand will be affected by core features of product. 3.4 Theoretical Framework Diagram The theoretical framework has been made with the help of the variables which are related to the consumer pull demand in beverages (soft drinks) industry. With the help of the variables it becomes easy to the study about the relationship between different factors affecting the consumer pull demand. PRICING Market skimming Market penetration Target market Brand image Product Diversity Brand Consumer Choice Convenience Attraction Brand Image Sales External Factors Social Cultural Economic Legal Religious Government Packaging Brand image Eye catching packaging Usage status Advertising Consumer perception Consumer preferences Brand image CONSUMER PULL CONSUMER PULL Distribution Availability Need satisfying Brand image Consumer Buying Power High household income. More than one earning member. Brand image. 3.4.1 Variable Reference List Dependent Variable Consumer pull demand Independent Variable Market stage Distribution Advertising Pricing. Product diversity. Packaging Consumer Buying Power Selective Distribution Core Product Need Satisfying Availability Consumer Perception Consumer Preference Market Penetration Marketing Skimming Target Market Demand Usage Status Brand Image Eye-catching Packaging. External Factors. Product diversity. 3.4.2 Theoretical Justifications of Variables In the framework each variable is related to the consumer pull demand and they show that how each of them affects consumer pull demand in the beverages (milk industry) industry. The variable used market stage effects the sales of milk (packaged milk) industry. Market stage helps to determine the market situation and consumer behaviors according to the changes in the market situations. Market stage includes to determine market life cycle, consumer behavior, product demand which includes that whether the demand is inelastic or elastic and these all end up to see the sales of the soft drinks industry. After doing survey on these all components of the market stage the sales can be maximized. The second variable used in the theoretical framework is distribution this also helps in maximizing the sales in the packaged milk industry. Its very important to make the product available to all the locations so that consumers may feel ease in buying the product. Distribution helps to make the product available and convenient. Distribution also includes giving the time and place advantages to the consumers so that they are able to purchase the product because through all these ways product will be placed at every shop and consumers will have a good image about the product. This will help to increase the sales of the packaged milk. Packaging is a very important aspect in increasing the sales of a product. The packaging of the packaged milk will help the company to gain brand visual and brand identity. For positioning a product good packaging is very essential. Packaging helps to attract the consumers towards the product and from packaging. The product is differentiated from other products. So packaging is considered to be an important element for increasing the sales in soft drinks industry. Advertising is also an important element for increasing the sales of a product. Advertising can be done above the line (ATL) and below the line (BTL). Advertising can also be done through mediums such as television, radio, banners, billboards and newspapers. Advertising helps the product in gaining popularity. This will help to increase the sales. Pricing also helps for the success of the product. Pricing includes the strategies such as market skimming and market penetration. With the help of pricing it becomes easy to identify the target market and by this company can offer the prices which consumers are ready to pay. If the consumer finds the product reasonable so this is positive for the sales of the product. Product diversity plays an important role for gaining the increasing trend in the sales. Product diversity creates brand consumer choice and brand image, it also makes the consumers to get attracted towards the product. Consumers get variety in products so they dont get bore and they keep of buying new variety of products. External factors also increase the sales of the product. External factors include study on demographics, economic conditions, competition, social and cultural forces, technology and lastly the political and legal forces. In marketing external factors have a major influence on products marketing opportunities and activities. So the study of all related factors helps in increasing the sales in the soft drinks industry. 3.5.1 Examples The questions to be asked from the respondents would be based on their liking and what factors make them to buy their referred milk brand. Q1. Do you use packaged milk or loose milk? à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª If yes then why à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ªIf no then why - Q2. Which milk brand do you use? à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ªOlpers à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Good milk à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Nestle Milk Pak à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Haleeb à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª other please specify - Q.3. which packaged milk do you prefer but unable to purchase due to other factors like expensive, health issues etc? à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ªOlpers à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Good milk à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Nestle Milk Pak à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Haleeb à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª other please specify - Q.4. you use packaged milk for which purpose? à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Strong bones à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Calcium à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Diet conscious à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Other Q.5. you prefer to buy your particular milk brand forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Disposal packaging à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Expensive packaging à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Attractive packaging à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Health hazards issues à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª other please specify - Q.6. How often do you buy milk? à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Daily à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Bulk buying à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Weekly à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Monthly 3.5.2 Population, Working population and Planned sample The population of whole Pakistan is targeted for this survey. Working population is Punjab and planned sample is Lahore. The survey is limited to Punjab and further its restricted to the city Lahore due to the time constraints. As study is confined to Lahore only, therefore, the results may not be generalized well in other cities. 3.5.3 Sample Size Consideration For this study questionnaire will be made to be filled by a total of 100 consumers, living in different locations in Lahore. 3.5.4 Choice of Sampling Technique This is cross sectional study, which will be conducted in a natural setting and it will be covering both descriptive research and as well as causal. It will be based on primary and secondary research. The level of investigation in this study will be focused on the collection of data about consumer preferences in packaged milk industry. In this research the sampling technique used will be probability. And further under probability the technique used will be convenience sampling technique. Convenience sampling is useful in obtaining large number of completed questionnaire quickly and economically and large number of respondents can be obtained quickly. 3.5.5 Field work and Respondents profile This is cross sectional study, which will be conducted in a natural setting and it will be covering both descriptive research and as well as causal. It will be based on primary and secondary research. The level of investigation in this study will be focused on the collection of data about consumer preferences in beverages (soft drinks) industry. The relevant data will be collected through a survey. For this purpose a questionnaire will be designed and distributed among consumers. The questionnaire will include information regarding consumers personal preference, brand loyalty, taste preferences and other factors that attract the consumer. The target population will comprise of both male and female customers but mainly targeted to household wives because they better understand the values and needs of their household members, specially children and youngsters and by making their choice a preference they can judge more easily what they actually want. Consumption of milk is common in every age. For this study the target population will comprise consumers living in different areas of Lahore Chapter 4: Estimates, Analysis and Conclusion 4.1 Estimated Results Hypothesis Ho: The impact of advertising will not effect on consumer demand. H1: The impact of advertising will effect on consumer demand. Analysis From my findings and analysis from questionnaire and pilot study it is estimated that advertising will not affect the consumer demand so, Ho is accepted. 4.2 Analysis of Findings The ratio I found from my analysis is that the maximum age group ranges from 18-25 and 25-35, means that mostly the age group is young and can analyze the factors which can affect the consumer demands. Percentage of age group (35-45) is 22.3%, which is somewhat lower than the age group ranges from 18-35. Age group of 45-55 has a percentage of 8.0%. For above 55 percentage was 5.45 which was comparatively lower than the previous ones. Monthly income of household ranges till 30%, Mostly consumers has a monthly income above 50,000. And then percentage for income 25000-50,000 is 23.3%, for 10,000-25000 consumers percentage was 16.1% which was relatively lower than the30%. Valid percentage I found is 30.4% which for the income group of above 50,000.When I analyzed the occupation for consumers the result collected are that students has a frequency of 15 and their percentage is 15.0% of 100. House wives was the major target market for me so it has a frequency of 60 and percentage I found ou t is 53.6%, and valid percentage for house wives is 60.0, and most of the consumers were self employed the percentage for self employed consumers is 18.8% and their frequency is 21. Another ratio is 3.6% which is for businessman out of 100.and the valid percentage is for housewives which is 60.Percentage for male is 26.8% and frequency is 31. As questionnaire was designed mainly to target the housewives because preference for packaged milk was required, so they have a percentage of 61.6% ad frequency for female is 69.Marital status for married men and women is 59.8% with a frequency of 67, whereas for unmarried it was 29.5% with a frequency of 33.When consumers were asked that either they used packaged milk or loose milk or both the greater percentage is for both, packaged milk and loose milk as well, packaged milk has a percentage of 42.9% and that for both the percentage it is 46.4%.and there is a very small percentage for only loose milk. Consumers prefer to use both packaged mil k and loose milk for different purpose and in different ways.For a milk brand consumers has a higher percentage of 33.9 for Nestle milk pack with a frequency of 38 which is higher than olpers which has a frequency of 28 with a percentage of 25.0% which means that consumers are still loyal to their particular milk brand they try a new product for once but as their taste is developed through out so they are satisfied with their particular milk brand, whereas Haleeb has a percentage of 16.1, Good milk has comparatively lower percentage of 2.7 and consumers has other preferences as well such as flavored milk other than plain milk , they have different choices for milk . Percentage for other milk is 10.7% which includes Nurpur, Nesvita , Nirala and Dairy Queen and flavored milk as well. Higher percentage for Nestle Milk pack shows that still after facing a very tough competition in market with Oplers Haleeb and other competitors Nestle Milk Pack still has its own stand in the market and consumers still prefer Nestle Milk Pack. After analyzing almost 37.5% of the consumers prefer to buy Nesvita, Dairy Queen, Nurpur and Nirala if they are unable to purchase their particular milk brand due to health hazards issues and expensiveness. Although 25 consumers prefer to buy Olpers, and 11.6 % from them has a preference of Good milk whereas Haleeb has a percentage of 10.7 as compare to other brands. Almost 28.6% of the consumers buy their particular Milk Brand for Stronger bones and 33 of them buy for the purpose of calcium which can make your bones and body strong and fit, 17 of them were diet conscious. Consumer prefer their particular milk brand for health hazards issues with a frequency of 48, to avoid bacterial effects which are included in loose milk, 8.9% of consumers prefer their milk brand for attractive packaging which attract them through TVC, Billboards, adds in news paper etc. although 4.5% of them are status conscious and they buy their particular milk brand fo r Expensive packaging. Almost 69.6% of the consumers would buy their particular brand if their brand is changed into uncommon shape and with new features etc, and 18 of them with a percentage of 16.1 would not like to buy it. There are consumers who strongly agree that demand of their particular milk brand is affected by the price cut and their percentage is 14.3 with a frequency of 16.and 47 of them agree with this statement, whereas 34 of them are neutral about their decision whether the demand of milk brand is affected by the price cut or not, 34 consumers agree that their demand of buying a particular milk brand is affected by advertisement, and 64 of them does not agree. Although advertisement of a milk brand is very important for promotion and convincing consumers and giving awareness about their brand, through advertisement consumers can make the mind of consumers to buy their brand, 41 consumers are brand loyal thats why they buy their particular milk brand with a percentage of 36.6, and 23.2% are attracted towards advertisement for the brand and they buy their particular milk brand by watching TV commercials and through different mediums. Consumers are also attracted towards a milk brand for their packaging and their percentage is 24.1. Consumers ranked their quality of milk brand with a percentage of 61.6 and frequency for average is 7.this means that they are satisfied with their milk brand. And for packaging consumers also have a high percentage of 36.6. For pricing consumer has a preference 34.8 being the highest and 7.1 as satisfactory. Availability of their particular milk brand is good as highest percentage is 42.0. While buying milk 52.7 give preference to whiteness of milk, 38.4% gives preference to thickness, where as 50.0% prefer taste of their milk brand before buying and 46.6% of consumers prefer to buy a milk brand which is easy to use. Most of the consumers buy milk daily as their percentage is 51.8 with a frequency of 58. Whereas 24.1% of them do bulk buying, and 15 consumers consume milk weekly .Preference of household member is calculated which is 48 those who frequently ask and 25.9% ask their household member rarely before buying a particular milk and 17.9% of them never asked before buying a milk brand, reason being that mostly questioners were filled by the housewives and they are aware of choice and preference of their household members. Highest percentage of consuming milk is 1 liter and consumption for more than  ½ and 1 liter is 50.9%.and consumers like to buy a milk brand from any well reputed departmental store and 36.6% of them buy their milk brand from near by shop. After analyzing packaged milk there are consumers those who use loose milk and they use loose milk for various purposes like tea, desert, drinking etc with a percentage of 25.9. Consumers those who loose milk over packaged milk has an issue of price as their percentage is 28.6, because price of loose milk is comparatively lower than th e packaged milk. And most of them use loose milk for availability purpose as well with a frequency of 14. 4.4 Limitation of the Study The study is limited by the following factors: The study is confined to Lahore only. Therefore, the results may not be generalized well in other cities. There are many other variables which affect consumer pull demand but will not be considered in this study. It is difficult to determine the precise sample size. The consumers may vary in their interpretation of question 4.5 Conclusion People consume milk in fresh dried and concentrated forms; in grocery stores most commonly sold product to consumers is liquid milk. All types of milk (pasteurized, sterilized, UHT, Packaged) or in bulk are required in a country or locality. New packaging system of milk is a popular and for practical purposes packaged milk powders. From my analysis and finings of questionnaire, pilot study and regression analysis I found out that 58.0% consumer consume milk, and widely used packaged milk is Nestle Milk Pack with a percentage of 33.9. People have different preferences and tastes and they consume milk according to them, consumers also use flavored milk for e.g. chocolate milk, Pakola etc but their percentage is low as compare to plain liquid milk. People living in well developed and posh areas of Lahore like Defence and Gulberg have more preferences of taking packaged milk, while people with lower income bracket prefer to take milk from milk-man. Biggest reason what I find is the exten t and the level of prevailing competitiveness in the milk industry. The marketing plans are of key importance in this regard. Consumers are attracted more to the good that is marketed well. There are many advantages of packaged milk, delicious, hygienic, Status symbol and prevailing prices are justified. Milk is one of the essential diets for every age, it helps building strong bones, and milk is loaded with eight essential vitamins and minerals which are very important and plays a vital role in a human body, and percentage of consumers those who buy milk for health hazards issues are 42.9, and 29.5% of consumers buy milk for disposal packaging, this shows that consumers are quite conscious about their health issues and at the same time they prefer to buy milk which can help them preventing from bacterial affects like cholera, malaria and Diarrhea etc. price but is not affected for consumers because they have to drink milk, and if prices are increased people cannot stop drinking mil k but they adjust accordingly. Although advertising do matters for consumers to know more about their product, and children are attracted towards the jingle that now-a days milk brands are using in their advertisements, because children are more attracted towards packaged milk than loose milk reason being the taste of the packaged milk is more tastier than loose milk packaged milk is healthy, and has no bacterial affects as compare to loose milk. References: Attitude and Usage Trend Study (AUTS). Chocolate Milk. Beverage Usage Attitudes among Consumers. May 2001. International Dairy Foods Association. Milk Facts. 2000 Edition. Washington, D.C.: International Dairy Foods Association. November 2000, p. 34. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21, Chapter 1, Part 131 (Milk and cream), Subpart B (Requirements for Specific Standardized Milk and Cream). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Revised as of April 1, 2000. Childrens Chocolate Milk Survey. Prepared for National Dairy Council by McDonald Research, Inc. May 1998. Tomashek, K.M., S. Nesby, K.S. Scanlon, et. al. Commentary: nutritional rickets in Georgia. Pediatrics 107(4), April 2001. e45. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/ content/full/107/4 Kreiter, S.R., R.P. Schwartz, H.N. Kirkman, Jr., P.A. Charlton, A.S. Calikoglu, and M.L. Davenport. Nutritional rickets in African American breast-fed infants. J. Pediatr. 137: 153-157, 2000. Guthrie, H.A. Effect of a flavored milk option on a school lunch program. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 71: 35-40, 1997. Anderson, G.H. Sugars and health: a review. Nutr. Res. 17(9): 1485-1498, 1997. The American Dietetic Association. Position of The American Dietetic Association: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 98: 580-587, 1998. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 5th edition. Home and Garden Bulletin No. 232. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 2000. Guthrie, J.F., and J. F. Morton. Food sources of added sweeteners in the diets of Americans. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100: 43-51, 2000. Washington State Dairy Council 1998, Revised National Dairy Council 2001. Think Your Drink. 2001. National Dairy Council. A protective effect of dairy foods in oral health. Dairy Council Digest 71(1): 1-6, 2000. http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/ NationalDairyCouncil/ Gibson, S., and S. Williams. Dental caries in pre-school children: associations with social class, toothbrushing habit, and consumption of sugars and sugar-containing foods. Caries Res. 33: 101-113, 1999. Bowen, W.H., and S.K. Pearson. Effect of milk on carcinogenesis. Caries Res. 27: 461-466, 1993. Dehkordi, N., D.R. Rao, A.P. Warren, and C.B. Chawan. Lactose malabsorption as influenced by chocolate milk, skim milk, sucrose, whole milk, and lactic cultures. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 95: 484-486, 1995 Andrew. M. Novakovic.(1995) Testimony of Fedral Dairy Policy, Cornell University Syracuse New York. Anthony Bennett, Frederic Lhoste, Jay crook and Joe Phetan.(2005) The Future of Small scale Dairying. David Zahn, LLC Windsor Road. E, North Heaven CT. Diana Beccue Brown, (1987) Consumer in Search of Value. FAO (1996) Milk and Milk products Marketing Milk Processing. Narvasana. Lewis. H. Haney, (1920). Integration in Marketing. Vol 10.No 3. (sep,1920),pp.528-545

What Style Do I Have? :: Writing Education Essays

What Style Do I Have? A paper on style. What style's are going on around me? What style do I use? What is my written style? And what is my spoken style? In this English class, the style is the anti-Official Style. The Official Style has become a plague that everyone runs from. While running we develop our own style. In psychology class, or history or geography class, it is usually the Official Style. It's as if the professors say "I have a PhD, so it is necessary that I communicate in a fashion that will accentuate the intelligence that I have acquired from years of studious behavior." What is my style? My style is a "not trying to be official style" style. It's like starting to relearn a language a person was born into and forgot. The two languages start to intermingle. Some words are in one language and some in the other. The official style is similar. Some sentences are not written in the official style and some seem to creep in. When I'm in the mood for it, I kind of like the official style. If I feel like teasing my brain, I grab the closest psychology journal. I then meander through an article or two and my craving subsides until a future unknown date. It's also very comfortable writing in the official style. I guess I've done it for so long it comes naturally. I write my psychology papers in the official style because they sound so much more educated. The goal is to write something that a person has to read three or four times to understand. I don't usually talk using the official style. When I'm talking to my friends I use an unguarded style, although this does have levels to it. I have terrific friends, good friends, and not so good friends. The terrific friends I can say almost anything to. The good friends, I can tell some things to. The not so good friends, on the other hand, I don't tell much. But I still tell more to the not so good friends than I would to others that I don't know very well. The reason that I can tell my friends more than others who I don't know is because I don't have to worry about what they think of me. They already know me. I use an intimate style when I'm talking to my wife. What Style Do I Have? :: Writing Education Essays What Style Do I Have? A paper on style. What style's are going on around me? What style do I use? What is my written style? And what is my spoken style? In this English class, the style is the anti-Official Style. The Official Style has become a plague that everyone runs from. While running we develop our own style. In psychology class, or history or geography class, it is usually the Official Style. It's as if the professors say "I have a PhD, so it is necessary that I communicate in a fashion that will accentuate the intelligence that I have acquired from years of studious behavior." What is my style? My style is a "not trying to be official style" style. It's like starting to relearn a language a person was born into and forgot. The two languages start to intermingle. Some words are in one language and some in the other. The official style is similar. Some sentences are not written in the official style and some seem to creep in. When I'm in the mood for it, I kind of like the official style. If I feel like teasing my brain, I grab the closest psychology journal. I then meander through an article or two and my craving subsides until a future unknown date. It's also very comfortable writing in the official style. I guess I've done it for so long it comes naturally. I write my psychology papers in the official style because they sound so much more educated. The goal is to write something that a person has to read three or four times to understand. I don't usually talk using the official style. When I'm talking to my friends I use an unguarded style, although this does have levels to it. I have terrific friends, good friends, and not so good friends. The terrific friends I can say almost anything to. The good friends, I can tell some things to. The not so good friends, on the other hand, I don't tell much. But I still tell more to the not so good friends than I would to others that I don't know very well. The reason that I can tell my friends more than others who I don't know is because I don't have to worry about what they think of me. They already know me. I use an intimate style when I'm talking to my wife.

Reflection and Reaction Paper Of Human Evolution Essay

INTRODUCTION Planet Of Life: Apes to Man narrated by Stacy Steach, tells us about the origin Of Human Evolution. According to the documentary film, 100, 000, 000 years Ago, the world was first inhabited by the dinosaurs. But, because of the asteroid 6 miles wide That struck the earth; it brought the end of the reign of the Dinosaurs. After being strucked by The Asteroid, the earth became life less. But, insects and plants and some small Mammals would Survive and populate the landscape. And, one of these is the Pregatoria, One of earth’s First Primate. It was an arboreal animal. The Earth regained its life source and bass tropical rainforest For hundreds of generation. This Large Habitat would nurture new families of primates. One of the oldest known signs of our origin and arrival are hominid imprints dating back 3 Million and a Half years ago. Human evolved from primates perhaps the apes that once lived in Southern Africa. This sumptuous forest may have helped to shape human kinds direct ancestors. In Lake Victoria in Kenya, Rusinga Island, The team led by Mary Leakey discovered the partial Skeleton Up a distant relative dating 60 Million Years Ago. Over decades Rusinga became Remarkable evidence of Human origins. There, found a Proconsul, these are earliest known ape. No other fossil ancestor has been reconstructed in such details. With their long fingers they Could grasp the branches firmly. They’ve been said to be related to humans, despite years of Analysis and ongoing scientific inquiry, it is not yet found possible to name all the limbs to Human Family Tree.

The Roman King Ancus Martius

The Roman King Ancus Martius King Ancus Martius (or Ancus Marcius) is thought to have ruled Rome from 640-617. Ancus Martius, the fourth king of Rome, was the grandson of the second Roman king, Numa Pompilius. Legend credits him with building a bridge on wooden piles across the Tiber River, the Pons Sublicius, the first bridge across the Tiber. It is often claimed that Ancus Martius founded the port of Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber River. Cary and Scullard say this is unlikely, but he probably extended Roman territory and gained control of the salt-pans on the south side of the river by Ostia. Cary and Scullard also doubt the legend that Ancus Martius incorporated the Janiculum Hill into Rome, but do not doubt that he established a bridgehead upon it. Ancus Martius is also thought to have waged war on other Latin cities. Alternate Spellings: Ancus Marcius Examples: T.J. Cornell says Ennius and Lucretius called Ancus Martius Ancus the Good. Sources: Cary and Scullard: A History of Rome T.J. Cornell: The Beginnings of Rome. Ancient Rome Glossary Go to Other Ancient / Classical History Glossary pages beginning with the letter a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v wxyz

Internet History Essays - Humancomputer Interaction, Free Essays

Internet History Essays - Humancomputer Interaction, Free Essays Internet History Starting out as a small military experiment some 35 years ago, the Internet is quickly becoming one of the most popular forms of communication. With a present population of about 40 million users world wide, it seems to have a very promising future. Uncensored and almost impossible to monitor, it's a breeding ground for all sorts of offensive and derogatory information. On the other hand, it is probably the biggest single source of data in the world brought home into your personal computer. Will this form of communication survive in the future, or will it simply die out like many others have in the past? History The first nodes of the Internet were built 36 years ago by the RAND corporation. They faced the problem of keeping communication between U.S. authorities active in the aftermath of a nuclear war. The country needed a command-and-control network. The biggest problem was protecting the main server, which could be knocked out by a single atomic warhead. RAND came up with the solution in 1964. The new network would have no central authority, and secondly, it would be designed to operate in shambles. " During the 60s, this intriguing concept of a decentralized, blastproof, packet-switching network was kicked around by RAND, MIT and UCLA. The National Physical Laboratory in Great Britain set up the first test network on these principles in 1968. Shortly afterward, the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency decided to fund a larger, more ambitious project in the USA. The nodes of the network were to be high-speed supercomputers (or what passed for supercomputers at the time). These were rare and valuable machines which were in real need of good solid networking, for the sake of national research- and-development projects." (Sterling 1-2) The first was put in place during the fall of 1969. By December of the same year four nodes were installed. They were connected by dedicated high-speed transmission lines. This allowed the computers to communicate and be programmed from one of the other computers. In the year of 1971 there were 15 nodes, and by 72 there were 37. This number kept increasing rapidly as the years passed. The network was also becoming more of a person to person way of communicating. Many military personnel began using it as a way to gossip with friends instead of a way to transmit documents and projects. This became even more evident in the following years. How it works The Internet may seem a very complex form of communication but that is not really the case. First, you must have a reasonably fast computer (80386 or higher) with a modem and a phone line. The next step is to contact your local Internet provider and get him to give you a password and an SLIP address. At this time you will also be given the software to get you started. All of this costs about 140 dollars, depending on how many hours you wish to purchase. "We charge using an hourly rate because it gives our users more flexibility with their time. When run on a monthly payment, you are limited to an hour a day, whereas with our system you can use any amount of time whenever you want" (Schulmeister). The costs are as follows: 10 hrs-$30.00 20 hrs-$50.00 40 hrs-$80.00 60 hrs-$90.00 Once you have your software installed and want to start "surfing the net," you must first login to the server (located at the Northwest Community College) by dialling in its phone number using a specific program. The two local numbers are 638-1543 and 638-1593. Even with the two numbers, the server is often busy because of the constantly increasing number of users in our area. These numbers can be used by a number of people at a time, not just two. Once connected to the college server, you travel down to a larger server in Vancouver, and from there you can access any other computer connected as long as your server has permission to do so. Diagram: How the Internet works Impact on Society The Internet is just starting to have a large impact on society. It seemed to come out of nowhere, popping up in magazines and on the news. The Internet is now becoming an influential communications medium to

Biblical Worldview Stewardship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biblical Worldview Stewardship - Assignment Example emphasized, â€Å"advances in the West have been the fruits of freedom, knowledge, and hard work–all resting substantially on the foundation of biblical Christianity’s worldview and ethic of service to God and neighbor. These advances have also given rise to a laudable expansion in people’s focus on the need for environmental stewardship† (Beisner, Cromartie, Derr, Knippers, Hill, & Terrel, 2014, p. 1). Environmental stewardship was noted to also have conceptual framework stemming from biblical passages, especially teachings on God’s creation of the world and people’s responsibility over the creation (Miller, n.d.). Therefore, the guidelines for business with regard to environmental protection necessitate understanding of the biblical worldview to enable application of best practices that adhere to conservation and protection of the environment: promoting green campaign, cost minimization, energy conservation, actions and operations that observe impacts on climate change and global warming. Contemporary large organizations are therefore expected to promote ideals and philosophies of social responsibility – which include environmental protection. Since some of the earth’s natural resources are finite, businesses must ensure that their actions are cognizant of the need to sustain that those resources which could be conserved and replenished would be dealt with accordingly. Beisner, E., Cromartie, M., Derr, T., Knippers, D., Hill, P., & Terrel, T. (2014). A Biblical Perspective on Environmental Stewardship. Retrieved December 10, 2014, from Acton Institute:

Refilction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Refilction - Essay Example Integrity – Integrity means being above reproach in matters pertaining to leadership. In matters pertaining to ethical leadership, integrity forms an important pillar on which other attributes rest upon. It is impossible to practice ethical leadership when one’s integrity is questionable. Knowledge – This refers to understanding that is accrued with time from either studying or experience. In ethical leadership, knowledge is very important because knowledge is power and therefore only those leaders that have knowledge are able to wield power and lead others properly. Cooperation – This means closely working together with other people in order to accomplish tasks. It follows then that the success of ethical leadership is largely dependent on close working of leaders with the people that they lead. Integration of these Values into Leadership Style Integration of these values into ethical leadership is not an easy task that can be undertaken overnight but it is a process. In this process, the first thing is be aware of these values and then embody them within ourselves. Embodying these values simply means living them and letting them become part of our daily lives. In this regards, it becomes easy to lead a lifestyle that is emanating from what we believe in. After embracing these values as our inner core values, the next step is developing visions that are important avenues of expressing the core values within us. It then becomes very easy to integrate these values into ethical leadership via the values that we have developed. Supporting Core Values in Ethical Decision Making Supporting of core values in professional life especially in times when we have to make ethical decisions is very challenging. The first thing is to stand firm with our decisions and not allow us to reverse them. This is important because when we allow to be moved from the decisions that we make, it shows that we are not sure of ourselves and therefore we cannot b e trusted with challenges of leadership. In addition, it is not good to allow personal emotions to interfere with our decision making processes. This is because emotions usually temper with our ability to think clearly and objectively. When emotions are involved in our decision making, it is more likely that the wrong decisions will be made. My Five Greatest Strengths One of my greatest strengths is mental strength. Mental strength is the ability to clearly think through issues and make the correct choices. I came to learn about this strength sometimes back when I was chosen to head a task force in my work place. This task force was supposed to come up with recommendations on how to recruit new staff. Another strength that I have is multitasking whereby I can undertake different tasks at the same time. This strength is not very easy to master and I came to discover it during the time when I was heading that task force. At that time, I was supposed to handle different issues and matt ers besides delivering on my job. A third strength that I know I have is good interaction with other people around me. I have known of this strength since I was a small child when growing with my siblings. Even after I joined elementary school and my later school life, I was never without friends and people have always considered me a very social and likable person. The fourth strength that I h