Show how Austin builds up suspense and tension in the Elton/Harriet/Emma relationship, leading up to the dramatic conclusion

The first volume of Jane Austens' Emma has a dramatic conclusion in which Mr Elton proposes to Emma. Emma's wild imagination is the source of all the confusion in the novel, as she attempts to match-make the local vicar, Mr Elton and her friend Harriet Smith, who is of a lower social class, with uncertain parentage, (living in a time when status and class were of the utmost importance). During the first volume of the novel the objective narrative stance contains much dramatic irony; the reader is allowed to observe Mr Elton's increasing attachment to Emma with growing pleasure whilst she remains completely oblivious of his infatuation and continues to misconstrue every sign of affection to herself as further indication of his affection to Harriet. The first time the reader hears about Emma's intentions to match-make Mr Elton is at the end of the first chapter- â€Å"Only one more, papa; only for Mr Elton. Poor Mr Elton!† Mr Knightley warns Emma that meddling in the affairs of others can bring nothing but trouble. Mr Knightley is realistic and practical and he often gives Emma good advice, which she is too single-minded to listen to, however he is nearly always right and therefore tension is built up for the reader as we know what mistakes Emma is going to make before she does. Harriet Smith is introduced to the reader and to Emma in chapter three as â€Å"the natural daughter of somebody.† Emma creates a new project for herself to fill her time now that Miss Taylor has married and takes it upon herself to befriend Harriet and make her a lady. It is evident that Harriet is Emma's object of desire for Mr Elton and the sweet, simple, stupid girl is slowly, manipulated by Emma. Of course it is only in Emma's wild imagination that this idea is possible because Harriet's doubtful birth immediately rules her out as a suitable match for the conceited Mr Elton. Emma begins to lay her plans after a chance meeting with Robert Martin. She is very critical of the young farmer, the brother of friends of Harriet and forces Harriet to compare him with â€Å"say†¦Mr Elton.† Emma only needs to make this one suggestion before Harriet convinces herself she is in love; this shows us the extent of Emma's power over Harriet. â€Å"Mr Elton was the very person fixed on by Emma to drive the young farmer out of Harriet's head.† There is a great deal of ambiguity in the novel which shows the reader how Emma interprets Mr Elton so wrongly and how Mr Elton could misunderstand Emma's friendliness towards him: â€Å"She was a beautiful creature when she came to you, but, in my opinion, the attractions you have added are infinitely superior to what she received from nature.† Mr Elton is praising Emma for improving Harriet; however Emma simply assumes that he is complimenting Harriet because this is what she wants him to do. There is much irony and suspense because the reader can see that Mr Elton's affection lies with Emma. Her naivety is one of the main factors which contribute to the mess she creates; she is so wrapped up in her implausible plans that she does not notice how her actions may be causing Mr Elton to form an attachment to her. â€Å"No husbands and wives in the case at present†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elton repeats and Emma, so exceedingly ignorant to Mr Elton's hints of his affections to her, considers â€Å"whether she had not better leave them together at once†. Austen uses ambiguity to create suspense and anticipation. It is ironic because Emma prides herself on her judgement but she always gets it so wrong; she experiences momentary concern over the extent of the compliments Mr Elton pays her; â€Å"I come in for a pretty good share as second.† She declares, â€Å"But it is his gratitude on Harriet's account,† she reassures herself. Read also Intro to Public Relations Notes Tension is increased after Emma cunningly (but good- heartedly) manipulates Harriet into refusing Mr Robert Martin's proposal- the reader knows Mr Martin is a good suitor for Harriet but has to watch as Emma's snobbery compels her to influence the subservient Harriet. Mr Knightley visits Emma to tell her Mr Martin intends to propose to Harriet, unaware the event has already occurred; â€Å"†¦I have good reason to believe your little friend will soon hear of something to her advantage.† The reader experiences anticipation because we already know what has a happened. Mr Knightley is very angry at Emma's interference and guesses her plans for Harriet and Mr Elton and warns her against them, â€Å"Elton will not do.† Emma is made uneasy by her quarrel with Mr Knightley but once again ignores his good advice, which infuriates the reader. Austen makes us aware of Mr Knightley's astute judgement throughout the novel, this helps to build the mounting tension. The event of the charade is full of ambivalence and the situation is almost hilarious. Mr Elton provides a riddle of love for the two girls' book. It is clearly written as a statement of love for Emma, and as she is so delighted when she tells him that she wrote it in their book, he perceives it as a sign of encouragement. Ironically, however, Emma is quick to work out the meaning of the riddle, but still manages to misinterpret it as blind love for her friend. The riddle could be a metaphor for the situation between Emma, Harriet and Mr Elton: an obvious answer to a puzzle waiting to be revealed. In chapter ten there is an amusing episode in which Emma goes to ridiculous lengths to get Harriet and Elton together; â€Å"Mr Elton was speaking with animation, Harriet listening with a very pleased attention† at this point the reader can justify why Emma might misread this situation. However, we later find out that Mr Elton was actually talking about what he ate at a party, not about their budding romance. The readers are kept in suspense as Emma is warned about Mr Elton, this time from a different Knightley, her sisters husband, Mr John Knightley; â€Å"I think your manners to him encouraging† he says, Emma retorts, â€Å"Mr Elton in love with me! – What an idea!† Emma experiences some confusion when Harriet is too ill to attend a party, because Mr Elton is not concerned about Harriet, but is worried Emma may become infected if she visits her. â€Å"Well†¦this is most strange!† she says to herself. Emma manages to get Mr Elton talking about Harriet's illness, but is dismayed â€Å"when only half a minute afterwards he began to speak of other things† the tension increases because there are so many obvious signs that Mr Elton does not care in the slightest for Harriet. â€Å"Can it be possible for this man to be beginning to transfer his affections from Harriet to me?† Emma begins to think Mr Elton is transferring his love to herself from Harriet; this causes such great frustration to the reader because we know he has always loved her and never Harriet. Emma finally begins to realise the truth of the situation, albeit slowly in chapter fifteen, â€Å"It did appear – there was no concealing it – exactly like the pretence of being in love with her, instead of Harriet† When Mr Elton makes his proposal Emma and he are alone in a carriage together which would not have happened in the period the novel was written in but Austen justifies it because of the snow and the haste the party were in. Emma has already been finding Mr Elton irritating all evening but now that she has suspicions of his attachment to her she is not at all pleased at the idea of the â€Å"tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½te-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½te drive.† The reader is kept in suspense as Emma prepares herself to talk about the weather, but the declaration of love is sudden, dramatic and short, â€Å"- her hand seized- her attention demanded, and Mr Elton actually making violent love to her.† However, even after this Emma still keeps us anticipating her much awaited comprehension, initially assuming he is drunk; â€Å"Mr Elton, the lover of Harriet, was professing himself her lover.† Mr Elton is oblivious to Emma's dismay, shock and anger and continues his declaration in earnest and it takes Emma a long time to convey her refusal. Mr Elton protests that he never thought of Miss Smith in any other way than her friend, and that all his attentions had been towards her, that he believed himself to have been encouraged by Emma. The conversation grows more heated as Mr Elton insists he could never consider marrying at the ‘level' of Harriet's social status. â€Å"I have no thoughts of matrimony at present† Emma bl untly refuses him and â€Å"He was too angry to say another word†, an outraged silence ensues until the carriage reaches the vicarage and he makes his escape. Austen uses many techniques to create tension and suspense in the lead up to the dramatic and powerful conclusion of the Emma/ Harriet/ Mr Elton situation, including a lot of ambiguity and ambivalence and much irony from the narrative voice. I think Mr Knightley is also a useful tool because he tries to warn her with the truth and we know he is correct and have confidence his opinion, but Emma is so stubborn and determined that she ignores him.

Hildreth vs Tidewater Equipment Co

John Hildreth was the sole shareholder, director, and officer HCE, Inc, a corporation in New Jersey. HCE-NJ began to do business in Maryland in early 1997. According to the Maryland code, it is required for foreign corporations to register with the Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation before doing intrastate business in Maryland, and it is required to have a resident agent in Maryland. In February 1998, HCE-NJ rented equipment from Tidewater Equipment Company, Inc. and again in September 1998. Tidewater and HCE-NJ signed a series of contracts, none of which were signed by Hildreth. When payments ceased after February 1999 repossessed the equipment and sued Hildreth holding him personally liable for the debts by HCE-NJ. Issue Is there a basis for piercing the veil of HCE-NJ and imposing personal liability for the corporate obligation on Hildreth? Rule In order for a court to pierce the corporate veil, two requirements must exist: (1) domination of a corporation by its shareholders; and (2) use of that domination for an improper purpose (defrauding creditors, circumventing a statute, or evading an existing obligation. Application In order for us to prove that Hildreth be held personally liable for the corporation’s obligation, we must consider various factors that can show if Hildreth practiced domination on the corporation and if that domination was used for an improper purpose. Hildreth was the sole shareholder and was personally involved in the management of the business. He was a â€Å"sole shareholder, director and officer† to this New Jersey corporation. Although HCE-NJ contracted with Tidewater, Hildreth, as a shareholder, was personally involved in the business transactions between HCE-NJ and Tidewater in agreement for renting construction equipment. Hildreth also failed to follow Maryland law by registering HCE-NJ with the Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation before doing intrastate business in Maryland. Although Hildreth held no obligation to reveal that HCE was an unregistered foreign corporation to Tidewater, the situation can be used in court under Maryland law to pierce the corporate veil to promote justice and to prevent inequity. In this case, HCE owed Tidewater for the renting of construction equipment in the amount of $47,246. Another consideration is the fact that Hildreth may be using his position as a shareholder to avoid the corporation’s obligation towards Tidewater. The courts used Herbert Brune’s work as a reference to the case. According to Brune, the corporate veil may be pierced to prevent the evasion of legal obligations. It states that â€Å"the courts may consider a corporation as unencumbered by the fiction of corporate entity and deal with substance rather than form as though the corporation did not exist, in order to prevent evasion of legal obligation. HCE-NJ neglected to pay the payments due to Tidewater, which led the repossessing of construction equipment. The balance owed towards Tidewater was $47,246. The plaintiff has shown that there was an unfairness and inequitable result from this occurrence. Tidewater provided the equipment in return for payment, where HCE-NJ became unable to satisfy its obligation under contract resulting into unfair practices. For Hildreth to say that he is not personally liable for corporation debt, it can be seen as protection for himself from legal obligations. In defense, Hildreth cannot be held liable on the corporation’s obligation due to the fact that there was a lack of domination. There is no proof that Hildreth, as a shareholder, caused the corporation to act on his detriment or personal benefit. The only mention of Hildreth with Tidewater is when he informed, Kolbe, a Tidewater representative, of the office locations. Transactions and contracts were dealt and signed between Tidewater and an employee of HCE-NJ, not Hildreth. There is also no evidence that the shareholder caused the corporation to fail to follow corporate formalities. In addition, there is no allegation of fraud on either Hildreth or HCE-NJ. As for Brune’s work, the idea that â€Å"if a shareholder uses a corporation form in order to prevent evasion of legal operation† can only be used when the corporation demonstrates the â€Å"alter ego† doctrine. According to the â€Å"alter ego† doctrine, which allows personal liability of a corporate officer if the stockholders or the business itself fails to treat the entity as a corporation. There is no evidence that Hildreth exercised such complete domination over HCE-NJ to conclude that the corporation had no â€Å"separate mind, will or existence of its own. † Conclusion Although the courts reversed their judgment in favor of Hildreth, I find that Hildreth did not act only as a shareholder, but also as a director and officer of the New Jersey corporation. It shows that there is a possibility for the alter ego doctrine to take place since Hildreth wasn’t only a shareholder, but also participated in the business transactions between HCE-NJ and Tidewater. With the legal obligation of the corporation to pay Tidewater, and this not being met, I find that it results in injustice and inequity between the parties. It would be unjust for Hildreth to be able to shield himself from the corporate obligations by using the corporate entity as a defense. Therefore, I affirm judgment from the earlier decision of the court, in favor of Tidewater.

On-line Demand for Products and Services Assignment

On-line Demand for Products and Services - Assignment Example As the growth witnessed in the online shopping arena continues exponentially, various firms are acquiring new wealth focused on new market opportunities for footprint coverage. Therefore, stores are able to subsequently cater to the vast and continuously growing offshore markets in terms of service requirements and market demands. This is because of the growing influence of the Internet where online consumers need both Internet connectivity and valid payment methods to sustain a complete transaction (de Kare-Silver, 2000:48). In most cases, once a particular item has been identified on a website or in another online platform, an online retailer subsequently uses available shopping cart software. These subsequently allow consumers to continue buying products by way of accumulating multiple items, in addition to being able to adjust the quantities acquired. Through the existing ‘checkout’ processes, payment and delivery information is acquired. Here, some stores allow the customers to sign up for permanent online accounts. This is important because of the need for constant information gathering during an online transaction. This involves sensitive information (Sheth, 2003:23). Online accounts are more secure and hence the preferred choice for frequent online shoppers. As such, information should only be entered once. Some of the dominant online accounts include Shopify, Shopgate, and PrestaShop, osCommerce, Magento, and nopCommerce. High-end solutions can also be bought or rented in the version of stand-alone programs (Huang, 2000:339). This may also work as an addition to an existing enterprise program on resource planning. In the event that a transaction is successfully implemented, online shoppers usually receive e-mail notifications. A less sophisticated avenue involves a process where consumers use email or phones to order their products.  

Methodology-Sheila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Methodology-Sheila - Essay Example This qualitative phenomenological study component analyzes electronic records use to improved organizational performance outcome. The study reviews the link between the technological literacy of healthcare professionals and the extent to which performance for optimal improvement. The study plans to view the importance of the functionality of computerized health records in health organizations for successful implementation. This proposed study is significant because it identifies the need to evaluate practitioner perspectives on the use of EHRs (electronic health record). The assessment related to benefits, limitations of technology, and the potential barriers evolving around implementation are aspects of the study. The study information supports change initiatives in the clinical setting. Researchers assess the use of different technology in medical facilities are covered in a range of studies (Angst, Agarwal, Sambamurthy, & Kelley, 2010; Greiver, Barnsley, Glazier, Moineddin, & Harvey, 2011). These studies have included a range of methods for collecting qualitative data reflecting on the perceived benefits of electronic health records in improving efficiencies in the clinical setting. 11 One of the important components of this proposed study is to seek knowledge from healthcare professionals with lived experiences. The study design is a survey of health professionals to gain their perception on patient errors and the capture of data through an electronic health record and paper documentation. Creating a tool to capture effective strategies for patient record keeping in the clinical setting is necessary to review data. Organizational leadership may learn ways to improve patient outcomes through the findings of the qualitative phenomenological study to determine the best approaches to change and methods to reduce errors. 11 The purpose of the qualitative phenomenological study is to explore the effects of health outcomes of the electronic health

Public Health Policy analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Health Policy analysis - Essay Example An effective public health system is equivalent to a healthy nation. Therefore, many governments work towards reducing, controlling and preventing factors that impact negatively on the status of public health. The paper takes time to review the ‘Soda Warning Label Bill’ and its final implications on public health (Siegel & Donner, 2004). The bill focuses on reducing the number of obesity and diabetes cases among kids and adults. Obesity and diabetes affects so many people in the state of California. The ‘Soda Warning Label Bill’ is among the latest bills that seek to improve the state of public health care in California. The amount of sugar sweetened beverages consumed by Americans is staggering. In fact, these beverages act as the primary source of sugar in the diet of countless Americans. The period between 1977 and 2001 saw Americans increase the amount of sugar obtained from sweetened sugar beverages (California Public Health Advocacy, 2006). Despite the fact that consumption of these beverages has lately decreased, an average American still consumes 150 calories of these beverages on a daily basis. This translates to 45 gallons of these sweetened beverages in a single year. In a single day, it is estimated that 77% of young adults and 66% of children consume a minimum of one sugar sweetened beverage. Furthermore, approximately 10% of calories consumed by teenagers come from sugar sweetened beverages. These numbers show that sugar sweetened beverage forms an important part of diet of all people in California. The food that one consumes has a huge bearing on one’s health. It does not matte r whether one realizes this or not. According to these statistics, it is easy to understand sugar sweetened beverages contribute to the increase in obesity, tooth decay and diabetes in the United States of America. These chronic

US airways's new Market - China Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

US airways's new Market - China - Term Paper Example It is a subsidiary of the US Airways Group with its headquarters in Temple, Arizona. The airline company operates both domestically and internationally. Being one of the biggest names, it would obviously want to explore the Asian markets. However, the major determining factor in this regard would be the pricing of fuel in the coming fiscal year, the economic scenario and the state of the aviation fleet. Interestingly, the company had already received permission from the sovereign authority to fly from Philadelphia to China back in 2008. However, due to the global economic slowdown, the project got delayed. This paper aims to understand the impact of the business environment of China on the expansion of US Airways and the possible marketing strategies to be adopted. Under the leadership of MAO Zedong, China had developed as a socialist state. However since 1978, under the leadership of DENG Xiaoping and with a favorable attitude towards globalization, a pro-market economic structure had materialized with a positive outcome through an increased GDP (â€Å"East & Southeast Asia: China†). The majority of the population is Buddhist with Christians and Muslims forming the minority. Chinese population is equally distributed between the urban and rural areas such that only 50% of the population lives in the urban areas with the rate of urbanization hovering around a mere 2% (â€Å"East & Southeast Asia: China†). Occupationally, majority of the population are engaged in the agricultural sector (around 50%), even though agriculture makes a relatively lesser contribution in GDP, while the shares in the industry and services sector stand around 22% and 28% respectively (Yoo 187). Level of education Figure 2: Education level in China Source: (â€Å"East & Southeast Asia: China†) Mobility In the wake of the pro-market reforms and globalization, China’s occupational mobility is undergoing paradigm shifts (â€Å"Occupational Mobility and Migration in China†). This is causing a rapid change in the age-old social division, according to occupational natur e. Due to the increasing unemployment and large lay-offs by government and private enterprises, the masses are increasingly migrating to the urban areas in search of employment. Both the mobility between jobs and places has increased on this account. This will be an added advantage for US Airways. Transportation The traditional form of transportation in China revolves around the railways. However, roadways, airports and waterways also comprise the other forms of transportation. The total area covered by the roads is 4,106,387 km with a paved length of 3,453,890 km and unpaved length of

Case Study Analysis Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis Paper - Case Study Example It's not very clear from the case whether this was Carl's first job. In any case Carl missed the 2nd Habit that Stephen Covey preaches. He was ill-prepared for the magnitude of work required to follow through his recruitment decision. He never had a plan and practice. When Operations Supervisor contacted him in mid-May he claimed to be in full control of the situation. The enquiries from Monica should have alerted him. Believing in his verbal assurances she proceeded with her own orientation programme. Businesses are never run on the spoken words. Capabilities and means to asses are primarily important. This is a mistake that Carl Robins and Monica Carrolls must understand. Both are at fault in this case study. The most important fallout of this crisis would be delayed orientation for these new recruits giving a bad image of the company leading to a early exit of these potential employees in future. One cannot expect this to be a great organization. The application forms have to be verified and corrected now to begin with, this will take time and in business time is money. Lost time means loss of money and an opportunity loss for the company. Carl should be more principled and be organized. One of the most important disciplines is - to learn, to work and to think.

Vermont Teddy Bear Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vermont Teddy Bear - Case Study Example According to the report findings there are also orders which are placed by women. They whether buy present for their loved ones, relatives of children. Speaking of value, we should note that the prices of Vermont Teddy Bear are not only competitive, but they are also reasonable as the company provides a great deal of customization. Of course, the customers might find lower prices, but they may not find the same level of commitment and special care for their gifts. The financial model of the company is a rather simple one. It capitalizes the nostalgia of the people over simple gifts and offers something that is traditional and easily understandable. Indeed, teddy bears, pajamas and flowers do not contain any electronics and are suitable for the majority of the holidays. Speaking of the latter, there are three peak seasons in the year with roughly a month apart. However, sales are not very successful during the rest of the year due to a general shortage of demand.From this study it is clear that  the employees call it the rush and indeed the number of orders that are placed is tremendous. That is why there is no wonder that the system cannot process all and shuts down. There is even an internal moniker that is given to men who place their order at the very last moment: â€Å"Late Jack†. The biggest challenge that occurs during the peak experiences is the loss of orders and, consequently, bad reputation among the customers.

Consulting For Nursing Informatics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consulting For Nursing Informatics - Assignment Example In current times the traditional manual handling of information has been replaced by the automated handling of information collection, collation, distribution using computers and information technology tools giving rise to the discipline of informatics, which applied to healthcare is health informatics. Health informatics integrates several fields like Informatics, Nursing, Medical, Dental, Pharmaceutical, and Social and Consumer health, each being a specialty with overlap in some roles and tasks, but with the single objective of providing improved healthcare. There are several categories of trained personnel as applied to functions and tasks of nurses in health informatics: ‘informatics nurses’ have tasks in healthcare, ‘nursing informatics’ have tasks in informatics, and ‘informatics nurse specialists’ have higher knowledge and specialized skills, and have roles in higher functions. Consulting in the area of nursing informatics requires a lead ership position, a person who can plan, advice and execute nursing informatics projects under complex situations of overall healthcare informatics. Thus nursing consultant has the role in leading, planning, development, integration, maintenance, overall management, besides regular skill up gradation through training, management of systems and resources, and a system which through its performance expresses the value of nurses in the system of healthcare. The consultant in nursing informatics should also cover the tasks of change management, and interface and coordinate with people across the organization from nurses to clinical departments across the healthcare system. Besides, consulting should also include coordination with service vendors for IT, identify problems and provide solutions, advise on up gradation of systems, and implement systems consistency with professional standards.

Bank Regulation vis--vis Other Industries Essay

Bank Regulation vis--vis Other Industries - Essay Example Banks do not offer warranty or guarantee for the security of the deposits whereas the majority of other firms provide either a warranty or guarantee for the soundness of their products and services and therefore require less regulation.†¢ Banks do not offer warranty or guarantee for the security of the deposits whereas the majority of other firms provide either a warranty or guarantee for the soundness of their products and services and therefore require less regulation.†¢ As bank investments are not made quite often as compared to the habitual purchase of other goods and services, the consumer gets very little time to observe and learn.†¢ Investments once made in banks seldom offer opportunities to correct the mistakes, whereas greater chances of rectification of errors exist in the firms of other goods and services.†¢ The degree of trustworthiness in the case of banks is not easily accessible as compared to the reliability of most of the firms providing other go ods and services.†¢ Comprehensive knowledge about the soundness and risk ness of the claims offered by the banks is lacking which requires additional regulation of these financial institutions as compared to most of the firms in other industries.†¢ The value can be ascertained only after a considerable period of time and not at the very moment of accepting bank proposals. This adds to the rationale of imposing extra regulation over banks than nonfinancial goods and services where in most of the cases the value can be easily ascertained.

Nathan Songs of Silence Essay Example for Free

Nathan Songs of Silence Essay The chapters of Songs of Silence hold together as a chorus of songs from one community, but shaped by the recollections of a narrator whose perspective ranges from the innocence of childhood to the maturity of a young adult who emerges unbroken from a failed relationship. One such chapters is ‘Nathan’ and here the narrator is the reflective adult with a sophisticated notion of the wide range if meanings ‘silence’ holds. Through the character of Nation she is able to present some aspects of this theme, which runs throughout the text in many different ways. Nathan acts strategically without words, but with potent meaning – revenge (poking Tony’s eye). Silence is a characteristic feature of Nathan’s personality, which is deep and profound even though he uses few words. The absence of words can mask/hide a great deal (still waters run deep). Nathan’s deep and profound silence was evident even from his birth and the close connection he had with his sister, the narrator – ‘†¦soulmates, welded together by our common need for silence.’ They both started speaking late. However, her silence was different from his – ‘he was a man of dark blue silences,’ while hers ‘hers was a silence of moons.’ Here the narrator suggests that contrary to the saying ‘silence means consent’, silence does not always mean ‘consent’ or agreement nor are all silent people to be treated the same. The ‘manna manna manna mahkita’ game establishes the communication between the narrator and Nathan. It has unspoken personal meaning for them and suggests that its ritual is saturated with almost religious or spiritual significance. It shows that codes of communication which may appear insignificant or meaningless to others looking on, may be a way of expressing connections that (known) words cannot express. The different silences of the siblings allow them to explore, define and find their own authentic selves in their own ways. (E.g. The narrator and the ants, Nathan and his tightfistedness with money). Silence, like money, can express identity.

Hubspot Case Question Essay Example for Free

Hubspot Case Question Essay 1. Analyze HubSpots Marketing Mix in the context of an overallMarketing Strategy 2. Do you agree with HubSpot that the rules of marketing have changed? If so, how? Is inbound marketingthe answer? Why or why not? 3. Is HubSpot finding and serving the right set of customers? Given its position as a start-up company,should it widen its focus to serve any customer that comes its way? Or narrow their target, by focusingexclusively on either Owner Ollies or Marketer Marys? Or by focusing exclusively on either B2B or B2Ccustomers? 4. HubSpot has begun to differentiate its products as it has learned more about its customers. Should it domore? Should its pricing strategy change too? Does the software-as-a-service (SaaS) pricing model workfor both Marketer Marys and Owner Ollies? Should HubSpot try to immediately capture more value for either of these customers? 5. Are Halligan and Shah being too stubborn by not doing any outbound marketing? Or should they continueto practice what they preach by focusing on inbound marketing alone? 6. Halligan and Shah want HubSpot to be to marketing, what salesforce.com is to sales. What would your plan of action be to make this happen? Why would you take these actions? What keeps you up at nightabout your plan? This case follows the growth of HubSpot, an entrepreneurial venture which faces significant challenges including:developing a market segmentation, deciding which customer to serve and which customers to turn away,configuring a pricing strategy which is aligned with the value being delivered to customers, and determiningwhether inbound marketing programs can generate enough scale to grow the business or whethertraditionaloutbound marketing methods need to be employed to accelerate growth. The HubSpot case focuses on issuesaround marketing channels, specifically inbound marketing and the use of Web 2.0 tools and applications suchas blogging, search engine optimization, and social media

Compare and Contrast Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle

Compare and Contrast Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Something that differentiates animals from other organisms is their ability to voluntarily carry out actions using their muscles. They do this by muscle cells changing length, which is known as contracting. There are three types of muscle, which are distinguished by their structures and functions. These are cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle. Here I shall be comparing the structures of cardiac and skeletal muscle and looking at how their histological, structural and functional differences allow them to carry out their specific roles more effectively. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and causes contractions, in the heart called systole, which pump the blood out of the heart and around the body supplying the oxygen and other vital substances to cells. Skeletal muscle is attached to tendons, which in turn attach to bones. The contractions of skeletal muscles cause the tendons to pull on the bones, which results in movement of, for example, an arm. There is only one similarity between the structures of cardiac and skeletal muscles. Both their structures are striated (striped), formed by actin and myosin myofilaments. They are tightly organised into repeating patterns so that actin can slide over the myosin during contraction. Figure 1 shows one of those repeating units in cardiac and skeletal muscle, called a sarcomere. For contraction to occur in cardiac and skeletal muscle, the actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments in a process known as the sliding-filament theory. So in figure 1 the thin pink filaments would slide over the dark blue filaments (not true colours). Myosin heads are attached to the actin. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) induces the dissociation of the myosin head, the myosin head then attaches again to the actin and eventually inorganic phosphate (Pi ) is released changing the angle of the myosin head, causing the actin filaments to slide over the myosin filament.  [1]  This causes a decrease in length of the I band but the A band always stays the same length. One of the main differences between the two types of muscle is in the way that their contractions are brought about. If one wanted to raise their arm, their brain would produce an action potential via the somatic nervous system (SNS). The action potential will lead to a muscle action potential and the T-tubules will depolarize and open calcium ion (Ca2+) channels, leading to cross-bridge cycling, where the actin and myosin slide past each other and cause the skeletal muscle to contract, lifting the bone with it. So the muscle will not contract without the input of the nervous system. Cardiac muscle is also connected to the nervous system. But as contractions are involuntary, cardiac muscle is connected to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, unlike in skeletal muscle, the actual action potentials that stimulate muscle contraction are created by myogenic cells in the heart. Myogenic means that it is the cells themselves that create the electrical action potentials, without the need for any external input. The cells are located in the Sino Atrial Node (SAN), which itself is located by the right atrium; the cells in the SAN are known as the pacemaker. They produce a pacemaker potential which sets the frequency of action potentials and thus the intrinsic rhythm of the normal heart.  [2]  The ANS, connected to the SAN, only modulates the heart rate, with the sympathetic nervous system speeding up the heart rate ready for the fight or flight reaction and the parasympathetic nervous system slowing the heart rate down. It is important that the heart is controlled automatically so that we are not conscious of the heart beating, because it would be almost impossible and probably exhausting for us to have to consciously think about making every single heart beat, especially when we are asleep. Moreover, because the heart is myogenic, there are benefits for transplants because the heart muscle can continue beating while the heart is being taken to the new body. Skeletal muscle must be under voluntary control so that every action can be carried out consciously, such as picking up a cup. If it were automatic there would be no conscious control of when the muscles should contract and our limbs would not be under our control. Nevertheless in reflex reactions, the skeletal muscle does come under the control of the ANS. For example, if ones hand was to touch a hot object, the ANS would react following a reflex arc of stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, effector, response; the arm would automatically move away from the heat source. Generally, compared to the beating of the heart, there is no such pattern in our voluntary skeletal muscle contractions thus an automatic myogenic rhythm of action potentials are not required in skeletal muscles. Looking at a fasciculus from both a cardiac and skeletal muscle shows that they are structured slightly differently. Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2 (see below) show simplified versions of the structure of both muscles. Figure 2.1 shows an example of skeletal muscle. It is made of long thin cylindrical fibres, each being innervated by a single somatic alpha motoneuron. The axon enters the muscle and branches, connecting to single muscle fibres. In cardiac muscle the fibres are linked together by a type of intercalated disc called a gap junction. Also the fibres are held together by adherens junctions. These strengthen the overall structure of the cardiac muscle so the forceful contractions in the heart dont tear the fibres. The gap junctions are vital for the functioning of the heart. They allow the electrical signals produced from the SAN to pass between muscle cells so they all contract in a synchronised way and the atria followed by the ventricles undergo systole.  [3]  The heart has Purkinje fibres that conduct the action potential so that they go from the SAN in the right atrium all the way to the left ventricle. Damage to cardiac muscle fibres may cause unsynchronised contractions. This irregular and fast contraction of the heart is called fibrillation. If this occurs in somebody, without treatment they are likely to die. It can be treated by a large electric shock delivered across the chest by the use of a defibr illator. This aims to stop and then restart the APs from the SAN and thus for the heart to beat regularly again. Cardiac and skeletal muscle will both react to a single action potential by producing a single twitch response. When the frequency of signals increase, skeletal muscles show summation, where two APs, which occur very close together, will result in one stronger response rather than two normal responses. Eventually a tetanus can occur and instead of simply undergoing a series of single twitches for each action potential, the muscle remains in a contracted state for brief periods, which is far more efficient. This tetanus occurs because the refractory period is a lot shorter than the time it takes for a single cycle of contraction and relaxation. In cardiac muscle cells however, the duration of the action potential is a lot longer, due to slowly activating calcium channels and the T-tubules being relatively longer. Because another action potential cannot occur until the response of the previous action potential has been completed, cardiac muscle cannot undergo a tetanus. This is extremely important for cardiac muscle because time is needed for the heart to sufficiently fill up with blood before the next action potential arrives. A tetanus would prevent this happening and the heart would undergo systole and relaxation (diastole) at times when there is very little or no blood in the heart. Again, fibrillation is likely to occur. Due to the fact that cardiac muscle relaxes fully between contractions, it doesnt tire like skeletal muscle does. This is a benefit for cardiac muscle because if ones heart started to tire one would get angina and some areas of cardiac muscle may start to die. Due to the heart being constantly active, a lot more ATP is needed in cardiac muscle cells than in skeletal muscle cells, which only contract when required to. Therefore cardiac muscle has a larger number of mitochondria than skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle undergoes constant oxidative phosphorylation to provide the ATP required for the actin to slide over myosin and thus for the muscle to contract. This means the cardiac muscle also requires its own supply of oxygen and respiratory substrates to respire aerobically. These are supplied via coronary arteries, which branch off from the ascending aorta. Having this supply and consequently producing a lot more ATP, is very effective for contractions. Skeletal muscle though, does not have as many mitochondria because it contracts relatively less frequently and does not need the constant supply of ATP. Relatively there is a huge difference in the length of a cardiac muscle fibre and a skeletal muscle fibre. Each cardiac fibre is up to 100 µm whereas each skeletal fibre is between a few mm to a 10cm  [4]. A muscle fibre is also known as a muscle cell. Most cells, including cardiac muscle fibres (cells), have one nucleus. Skeletal muscle fibres have many nuclei along the fibre (figure 2.1). This can be explained by looking again at the lengths of each type of fibre. Each skeletal muscle fibre is at least ten times the length of a cardiac muscle fibre. It would not be very effective for skeletal muscle to have just one nucleus to supply the whole length of the cell. The rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is positioned in the cell near the nucleus, has ribosomes on its surface where polypeptides are compiled. Therefore even if the nucleus was positioned in the middle of the cell, any polypeptides or proteins will be synthesised near there and would require ATP to transport it to where it is needed along the length of the cell. As a result, it is far more effective to have many nuclei scattered along the muscle fibre. Cardiac myocytes (muscle cells) are relatively a lot shorter, thus one nucleus is enough to provide for the whole fibre (see figure 2.2). Aerobic respiration is vital in cardiac muscle. It is the main source of ATP in cardiac muscle and is as a result of oxidative phosphorylation. The main respiratory substrates in cardiac muscle are fatty acids  [5]  , and also carbohydrates. Approximately 1 2% of the ATP in the heart originates from anaerobic respiration in basal metabolic conditions. This can go up to around 9% in hypoxic conditions, but in any more extreme hypoxic circumstances not enough oxidative phosphorylation occurs so theres not enough ATP produced for cardiac contractions, and the cardiac muscle will begin to die. Skeletal muscles have three sources of phosphate to make ATP as and when it is required: creatine phosphate, glycogen and cellular respiration. The creatine phosphate gives its phosphate to an ADP to leave ATP and creatine. There is about 10 times the amount of creatine phosphate than there is of ATP, so this is provides a good source of ATP. Skeletal muscle only contains about 1% glycogen. It can though undergo glycogenolysis to convert glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate. This goes on to yield just two molecules of ATP, so evidently this is a limited source. Cellular respiration is the main source of ATP during lengthy exercise and when converting lactic acid to glycogen.  [6]   There are many differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle. Both have striations but beyond that, they have special unique features that make their functions more effective. The heart is myogenic making it self-sufficient whereas skeletal muscle is controlled by the nervous system. It is also vital that the hearts cardiac muscle works without any problems, as even the slightest of problems in the heart can lead to death. Both types of muscle are important to not only humans but all animals. Cardiac muscle, as previously mentioned, is vital to our existence; without it we could not survive as it is needed to circulate oxygen and nutrients around the body. Skeletal muscle allows us to interact with our environment with ease and for humans this is most important as it lets us drive a car, use a computer or walk to university for example. For other animals it allows them to chase prey or run from a predator. And if the muscles werent as effective, there may be less ease when carrying out such activities. Literature cited Gillian Pocock, Christopher D. Richards (2006). Human Physiology The Basis of Medicine. Oxford Core texts. Pages 84 85, Page 87 figure 7.6 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/MuscleCardiac.html Josà © Marà ­n-Garcà ­a Michael J Goldenthal (2002) The Mitochondrial Organelle and the Heart, Rev Esp Cardiol, Volume 55, Issue 12, pp. 1293 1310, ISSN: 1579-2242 http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Muscles.html

tundra :: essays research papers

The tundra artic plains completely covering most of the earth’s lands north of the coniferous forest belt. The tundra’s ecosystem is very sensitive. It doesn’t have a good ability to restore itself. Controlled by sedge, heath, willow, moss, and lichen. Plains that are pretty much alike, called alpine tundra, occur above the timberline in the high mountains of the world. Even the Antarctic area has a couple of its own arctic regions itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The climate of the tundra is characterized by harsh winters. The average temperature in the tundra area is about –27 degrees. But what is even worse are the long night. At nights the lowest temperture recorded was –67.36 degrees. There are even times in the year when the sun doesn’t come up for days. In the tundra we have little snow and even less rainfall. The rainfall is about a quarter inch in a yearly rainfall. Even though the tundra’s winters are long a harsh there summers are the shortest season of all. Do to the terrible weather and climate in the tundra their animals and plant life is very limited. This artic tundra is mainly formed by permafrost, â€Å"a layer of permanently frozen subsoil in the ground. Putting frozen ground and flat landscape stops the drainage of water. As the water is being held up on the surface it makes ponds and bogs that give moisture for the plants, or countering the low precipitation. â€Å"The periodic freezing and thawing of the soil forms cracks in the ground in regularly patterned polygons†. Some areas are not drained very well causing irregular landforms. Some of these landforms like the following hummocks, or knolls, frost boils, and earth stripes. Another common area to the alpine tundra is a â€Å"bare rock covered ground† also known as fell fields, in which not alone support but helps the growth of lichens. The many â€Å"microhabitats† given by these landforms provide a variety to the tundra’s landscape. As you already know the amount of different plant species in the tundra is very few. Also their growth level is low, â€Å"with most of the biomass concentrated in the roots. To add to the many difficulties the growing season isn’t very long its self. The plants are better off â€Å"to reproduce vegetative by division and budding than sexually by flower pollination†. The main plant life in that area is cotton grass, sedge, and dwarf heath also including mosses and lichens. tundra :: essays research papers The tundra artic plains completely covering most of the earth’s lands north of the coniferous forest belt. The tundra’s ecosystem is very sensitive. It doesn’t have a good ability to restore itself. Controlled by sedge, heath, willow, moss, and lichen. Plains that are pretty much alike, called alpine tundra, occur above the timberline in the high mountains of the world. Even the Antarctic area has a couple of its own arctic regions itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The climate of the tundra is characterized by harsh winters. The average temperature in the tundra area is about –27 degrees. But what is even worse are the long night. At nights the lowest temperture recorded was –67.36 degrees. There are even times in the year when the sun doesn’t come up for days. In the tundra we have little snow and even less rainfall. The rainfall is about a quarter inch in a yearly rainfall. Even though the tundra’s winters are long a harsh there summers are the shortest season of all. Do to the terrible weather and climate in the tundra their animals and plant life is very limited. This artic tundra is mainly formed by permafrost, â€Å"a layer of permanently frozen subsoil in the ground. Putting frozen ground and flat landscape stops the drainage of water. As the water is being held up on the surface it makes ponds and bogs that give moisture for the plants, or countering the low precipitation. â€Å"The periodic freezing and thawing of the soil forms cracks in the ground in regularly patterned polygons†. Some areas are not drained very well causing irregular landforms. Some of these landforms like the following hummocks, or knolls, frost boils, and earth stripes. Another common area to the alpine tundra is a â€Å"bare rock covered ground† also known as fell fields, in which not alone support but helps the growth of lichens. The many â€Å"microhabitats† given by these landforms provide a variety to the tundra’s landscape. As you already know the amount of different plant species in the tundra is very few. Also their growth level is low, â€Å"with most of the biomass concentrated in the roots. To add to the many difficulties the growing season isn’t very long its self. The plants are better off â€Å"to reproduce vegetative by division and budding than sexually by flower pollination†. The main plant life in that area is cotton grass, sedge, and dwarf heath also including mosses and lichens.

The Causitive Agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Essay -- Biology M

The Causitive Agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever The Bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii is the small, aerobic gram-negative bacterium that is the cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans (and other vertebrates). They are obligate, intracellular bacteria that range in size form 0.2x0.5  µm to 0.3x2.0 µm. Rickettsia belong to the phylum alpha-protobacteria, which are capable of growing in low levels of nutrients, and have a long generation time relative to other gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. In humans rickettsiae preferentially reside in the nucleus or cytoplasm of cells lining small to medium size blood vessels. Rickettsia enter host cell by inducing phagocytosis, then immediately escape the phagosome to grow and reproduce within the cytoplasm (or nucleus)of the host cell. The host cell will normally lyse eventually, causing the release of new organisms. The host cell is also harmed by the toxic effect of the cell wall. (CDC) Van Kirk et al have done studies showing that actin-based motility (ABM) is a mechanism for intercellular spread. R. rickettsii is the only Rickettsia species that utilizes ABM. Findings suggest that ABM is a major factor in causing infection; after a host cell becomes infected the polymerization of the actin of the host cell forms a filamentous actin comet tail. The actin tail aids the pathogen in moving through the cytosol and into membrane protrusions of the host cell, where it can be engulfed by neighboring cells and can initiate a new infectious cycle. The Vector Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is classified as a zoonosis (diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans), and requires a vector for transmission. The vectors (and reservoirs) for RMSF are tic... ...G. Marshall, Anita M Kelsey, MD. â€Å"What’s Your Diagnosis?† Consultant August 1996:1729-1735 Niebylski, Mark L., Mort G. Peacock, and Tom G. Schwan. â€Å"Lethal Effect of Rickettsia rickettsii on Its Tick Vector (Dermacentor andersoni)† Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 1999: p 773-338. Rahman, M. Sayeedur, Jason A. Simser, Kein R. Macaluso, and Abdu F. Azad. â€Å"Molecular and Funcional Analysis of the lepB Gene, Encoding a Type I Signal Peptidase from Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia typhi.† Journal of Bacteriology August 2003 (2003 American Society for Microbiology):4578-4584. Van kirk, Levi S., Stanley F. Hayes, and Robert A. Heinzen. â€Å"Ultrastructure of Rickettsia rickettsii Actin Tails and Localization of Cytoskeletal Proteins.† Infection and Immunity (August 2000). Abstract. 16 September 2004. .

Essay --

Subway is the largest single branded international sandwich fast food restaurant franchise. They primarily sell submarine sandwiches and salads. They are the fastest growing franchises in the world with 40735 restaurants in 102 countries. Subway was started by an ambitious 17 year old high school graduate, Fred Deluca , in 1965. He started this business partly because he needed money to aid his education fees. Fred Deluca approached his friend, Dr. Buck, to borrow a thousand dollars to start the business. They eventually became business partners and opened Pete’s Super Submarines. They opened a second outlet and they changed the name to SUBWAY, coloured bright yellow. This is to attract more customers with their company’s name. Background information The Subway story started in 1965 in Bridgeport, Connecticut during August. 17 year old Fred DeLuca dreamed of becoming a medical doctor. He was in need of money as he had to pay for his tuition so he worked in a hardware store. He could only afford lunch at McDonald’s even though he had his salary. This gave him an idea of running a fast-food venture that provides better and healthier food. He got the solution during his family barbecue in a conversation with a family friend, Dr. Peter Buck. Peter then loaned him a $1000 which was enough to open a shop in Bridgeport, which was named Pete’s Submarine after Peter Buck. But it was later changed to Pete’s Subway as the transportation system was nearby in New York. In 1966, Fred and Peter made enough money to open a second store, but they knew it was in a poor location. They found a better location and it was opened till today. Fred continued attending his college while running Subway at the same time. By 1973, he and Buck managed to ha... ... their stores within few miles because it is much more convenient. Demographic: Subway segment their market demographically by providing different foods. For example, Subway in India does not have beef and Subway in Malaysia does not have pork because of their religion and beliefs. Psychographic: Subway is able to segment their market on eating habits. Health conscious people are more likely to buy Subway as it is fresh rather than buying a burger which is oily and unhealthy. Behavioral: Subway knows that busy people, parties and events need food. That is why they provide catering services. Positioning Strategy Subway's strategy is making their food as fresh as possible. They bake their breads fresh daily, they offer more ingredient than any other of their competitor and their customers can customize their own sandwich which gives them more freedom of choice.

The Oppression of Women as Women

The oppression of women as women PHIL 202 – Assignment 1 26/01/2012 The patriarchal society in which we live has systematically oppressed women for centuries. It is not until extremely recent history, with the Women’s Liberation Movement, that women have been able to take meaningful strides towards a more equal and just society. We have come a long way since that time, women can now vote, work, practice politics and live independently of men: it seems as though we have come very close to the equality that we have worked so hard to achieve. However that statement has proven to be incredibly false.If we examine Marilyn Frye’s metaphor of the bird cage and apply it to the changes that have been brought upon our society we can see how the oppression of women not only still exists, but has gained new dimensions. By inspecting the progress women have made to integrate into patriarchal society we can see that we have succeeded to remove some of the wires that have held us back from escaping the cage, however the removal of these wires has added new responsibilities for the female gender and it is these new responsibilities that have added completely new wires to our cages.By examining Marilyn Frye’s article Oppression we will examine why she believes that â€Å"women are oppressed as women† (Frye, p. 16) and why it is that, even though men face barriers and difficulties, she believes that they are not â€Å"oppressed as men† (Frye, p. 16) Whilst reading Frye’s article I was truly disagreeing with the points she was making. How can she state that men are not also oppressed in some way: they have the burden of supporting their families, they cannot express any emotions without seeming weak, and they don’t have the choice of spending as much time with their children?These facts made me certain that men too were oppressed, however in a different way than women. As I neared the end of the article I came to a sudden re alization: the opinions I had formed were a product of my microscopic view of the situation and I was not able to see that the burdens men faced were only barriers held in place in order to preserve the patriarchal society that has been created and they were not faced with systematic oppression. In order to illustrate this point we can take a look at an example from the side of two opposing genders. The workplace seems to be following the path f equality, even though certain issues remain (men earning more than women on average, men holding higher positions etc†¦) they seem to be miniscule problems compared to the ones faced by the women decades before us. The wire on the cage that we would have named â€Å"ability to pursue a career† seems to be a rusty weak wire that is falling apart, no longer capable of holding women back. It may seem as if this is a victory, however, the oppressing society we live in has ensured that the destruction of that single wire has been ackn owledged and replaced by a new strong and sturdy set of wires in order to ensure systematic oppression.Now that women are able to work they are perceived as lazy and old-fashioned if they don’t, however if they do work they are perceived as being intimidating, bad mothers and sometimes masculine. Therefore it seems as if the situation where a women is perceived as hard-working, intelligent, ambitious and modern as well as feminine and an excellent mother and homemaker does not exist, yet it is actively expected of them; if any of the aforementioned characteristics are not present she will be given a dreadful label by society.It is clear that the advancements we have made have lead to an entirely new dimension of oppression. If we now continue on to examine the role of a man in the workplace we can see that they do face barriers but they are in absolutely no way systematically oppressed. If we examine a single barrier they face, for example, the burden of having to support the ir family, as this is the norm with regards to sex roles. The man must go to work and must earn money to pay the mortgage, to feed their children and to buy his wife the dishwasher she has been nagging him to get.This is a responsibility that he is expected to fulfill, however he is no way oppressed. In order to obtain an adequate job a man may go to school, earn a degree and find a stable and well-paying job. He will find this job with much more ease than a woman with the same qualifications and will get payed more than the aforesaid women. Being a man will be an advantage to his search and will in no way place any obstacles in his way, as opposed to woman whose gender is â€Å"significantly attached to whatever disadvantages and deprivations she suffers, be they great or small. †(Frye, p. 6) By obtaining a job, he has now earned the labels of intelligent, ambitious, and hard-working; of course, in our age and time a woman might be able to acquire all of these labels as well . However the labels describing her femininity and home-life might not be as pleasant.What about a man? He is now supporting his family therefore he is now masculine and worthy, he is also seen as a good father as he is supporting his children (the fact that he might not spend an adequate amount of time with them is of no importance as in our society financial support takes precedent of emotional support. Therefore our society has given him the burden of supporting his family but we can see that this is only a barrier put in place in order to for men to be able to exclude women from political and economic life and therefore control it. It may be a disadvantage in some ways, however it is important to recognize that it is a necessary disadvantage in order to maintain control and can in no way be labelled as oppression.The simple term â€Å"oppression† must be understood because without understanding its rightful meaning it is â€Å"much misused, and sometimes not innocentlyâ €  (Frye, p. 0) We must come to the understanding that men do face obstacles and barriers however they do not face the systematic oppression that women do as a result of their gender. Of course there are oppressed men living all around the world, but this oppression does not stem from the simple fact of their sex but many other factors such as socio-economic situation, sexual orientation, political situations etc†¦ Simply put, there are thousands, maybe millions of men around the world who are in no way oppressed, but not one single woman because her gender is the defining characteristic for her oppression.

The Role of Youth in Indian Politics Essay

On the roads of Indian land, we name travel air for ab step up 63 eld today and sh completely continue the journey for old eon to come in the same awry(p) ancient grubby vehicle of ours that has drive us for so long. The list of travellers is an convention of young dazzling men and women. The vociferous contrast surrounded by them arouses debates. It makes us conjecture either each everywhere the role of c on the whole told deliveress in Indian politics. on that point ready been real(prenominal) qualities constantly attri al mavened to y pop outh such as passion, aggression, and impetuousness, which drive home been viewed in dickens prohibit and positive lights.. M all argue that youth is an inexperienced and immature stage of fashions and ar in disagreement as to whether the qualities of youth preempt be good for politics, or detrimental. Speculation has too led to debates about whether young adult brains atomic number 18 biologically ready to make heavy finishs.At the same clock cadence, for the establishment of confound by the People in the fields grownupst commonwealth as we proudly cede got ourselves to be, it is important to at a lower showstand who these sight substantially ar. harmonize to Indian spring chicken Portal 41.05% of the total population of the commonwealth comes at a lower place the category of youth. Hence, it is obvious that association of youth in the plumping of our dry lands political pr bringices is integral. The methods of work call for to be revolutionised at a buy at root train aim which give the bounce be attained by giving them the author to create a world in which they wish to live. Their innovative way of sound judgment and unacceptability towards in erectice and unfair practices, makes them the model class of stack to work for the affirm and strengthen their re readation.After having addressed the school principal of the importance of youth contribution, we need to demerit our taper on the practicality of this idea. A sincere survey* reveals an interesting publication. 87% of the university students surveyed for the same, cerebrate that theAbraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United States of America, capably outlined land as a politics of the people, by the people and for the people.Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States of America, aptly defined democracy as a political relation of the people, by the people and for the people. This definition at a lower placestandably underlines the raw material tenet that, in this- kind of g everywherenment, people ar supreme. The ultimate cause is in their detention and they play it in the form of electing their exercises at the measure of options. In modern times this type of democracy, which is representative in nature, is most suitable. The former(a) type, the count on democracy in which the people themselves decree and implement businessfuln esss and run the administration, is now non feasible as countries are magnanimous and their populations huge. In a boorish give care Switzerland, which has comparatively small population, direct democracy tin can s work on be found.India is the biggest democracy in the world, with a population of over atomic number 53 billion. India, a heart of bring ups, is a sovereign socialist, secular, democratic, re universal, with a fan tanary dodge of government. The re world is governed in terms of the ecesis, which was select on 26 November, 1949 and came into root for on 26 January, 1950. During the late(prenominal) fifty-three old age thither take been regular alternatives to the fan tan and asseverate legislatures. This reflects the maturity and wisdom of the Indian electorate, in whom the ultimate mightiness and sovereignty rests. With the passage of time, Indian electors adjudge survive more assertive and active as regards their popicipation in the process of democracy. The swindle of Indian voters has significantly change magnitude during the past resources. It was about 52% scarcely during the Lok Sabha elections of 1952 which increased to 64% during the ninth Lok Sabha elections held in 1989. in like manner during the get elections for fan tan, the voters carriage has been quite encouraging. This phenomenonNo institution including the resource management of India (ECI) and no personality or view in a democracy can be beyond public criticism anddebate. There fill been make in the past when political br from each oneies have vehemently disagreed with the ECIs decisions and found soil with its directives. some(a) of them have unstainedly balmy their dis whitethorn, age former(a)s have accused the jacket panel of lacking in disinterest and macrocosm influenced by the ruling companionship of the day. However, it is non often that a study political demotey fuddles a kick against the ECI and openly accuses the f oreman preference Commissi unmatchabler of timidity. By organising such protests, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has set a precedent of sorts. The disuniteys grade is that the reverting Officer for the Varanasi constituency, where its prime ministerial aspirant Narendra Modi is a candi assignment, denied him permission to subscribe a rally in Varanasi city, citing protective covering reasons.There whitethorn be most substance in its grievance as otherwise attr accomplishments regulatem to have had no problem in addressing rallies at the same venue. However, it seems the eccentricy is protesting as salubrious much, as this integrity representative is non sufficient to conclude that the intact machinery of the pick fit is acting with bias against the BJP and Mr. Modi. With just whizz round of summiting left-hand(a) in the multi-phase exercise, Mr. Modi has criss-crossed the aloofness and breadth of the landed estate including Uttar Pradesh and addressed rallies without all such problem. The words of its of age(p) leader Arun Jaitley, that timid men can eclipse high office and if you cant provide security, dont hold opinion polls in the country, whitethorn non be quite fair, considering the formidable way in which the steering has held the mammoth democratic exercise over the last two decades without legion(predicate) complaints of rigging. Voter fishing tackle has improved considerably over the old age people living in irrelevant field of battles and from communities prevented in the past from voting by feudal overlords are exercising their certify without fear.Carping at the referee for one unpalatable decision, even if it involves the partys iconic contestant, may not be justified. One of the principal complaints of the BJP against the United imperfect Alliance regime was that it undermined institutions such as the CAG by its continuous attacks. The BJPs flush against the ECI would seem no different in its tenor. Partie s should desist from unfair attacks that might format overweening pressure on election authorizeds. It is evenly plausible that the BJP was merely existence opportunistic and seeking last-minute electoral gains by playing the victim. For its part, the resource military mission should be more alert, closely monitor lizard field- aim decisions and deal with complaintsagainst its positives with a greater understanding of urgency.One of the most encouraging aspects of the 2014 Lok Sabha elections has been the significantly high voter trailer truck in areas abnormal by Left-wing extremism. Bastar in Chhattisgarh, that abides severely affected by Maoist insurgency, saw a voter turnout of almost 60 per centime as opposed to 47.33 per cent in 2009. Here, as intumesce as in other areas, the Maoists had called for a total ostracize of elections. But in most areas, in spite of the violence perpetrated by the Maoist rebels, people have come out in large numbers to hold their v ote. In Gadchiroli constituency in Maharashtra, that is a part of the Maoists foremost guerrilla zone, the Dandakar either(prenominal)a Special regularise Committee, over 68 per cent votes were cast as opposed to 65.21 per cent in the 2009 elections. Munger and Jamui in Bihar in both fictional character saw a 10 per cent increase in voter turnout. The only affected area where the turnout was low is Orissas Malkangiri that preserve a voting percentage of 48 per cent. One reason attributed to the higher turnout is the en gum olibanumiasm of beginning(a)-time voters who came out in large numbers.Also, in many Maoist-affected areas, people are tired of the long cycle of violence, and indigence things to change. The voter turnout in Bastar has left the Maoists worried. After the elections in Bastar on April 10, they have held meetings at several places with Adivasis to understand what prompted this high turnout. horizontal in the formerly Maoist-hit areas in West Bengal, that we nt to the polls on may 7, the turnout has been exceptional. West Medinipur, Purulia and Bankura registered a turnout of 81.41, 78.75, 80.55 per cent take noteively till 5 p.m. In Jhargram, it was almost 88 per cent. The dis entrape for the modernistic government would be to focus on the development of the red corridor, especially when people in that location have uttered their religion in democracy.One major reason why the Maoists were able to infringe themselves in these regions was that the Indian solid grounds had entirely forsaken its people. The void left by the severalise was just filled by Maoists. The encumbrance is on whosoever forms the next government in New Delhi to change the equation. In many areas, in that respect is sympathy among the Adivasis for Maoists. Security operations in these areas may have tramp Maoists on the back foot, but this can only be a unorthodox trend. In the absence of a real developmental intervention by the young government, th ere leave be no ebb in violence in Bastar and otherMaoist-affected areas. One of the biggest challenges before the immature government bequeath be to insert a sense of security among the people. That entrust only happen if the people have confidence in the government subsequentlyward which they entrust reject Maoism.When a fair play replacing an in well-grounded decision maker separate retains the same classification that was held to violate the thoroughgoing norm of equality, it has to be struck dispirited. It was only natural that the sovereign address should declare un natural Section 6-A of the Delhi Special police Establishment influence that requires prior praise of the Centre before the Central authorisation of Investigation (CBI) can become an interrogative sentence or investigation against ships ships officers of the Union regimen in the rank of union secretaire and to a higher place for the same reason that it annul the governments Single dire ctional in Vineet Narain (1997). The discussion section was introduced by fan tan in 2003 to restore the Single guiding, a set of instructions to the CBI on the modalities of holding an enquiry. In yet other verdict that insulates the investigating agency from dependency on government laudation at every stage, the tribunal has seen done the right-hand(a)ty do between officers based on their rank alone.Apart from there being no reasonable basis to incubate corrupt public servants of a genuine rank differently from those below them, the romance has granted cogent and practical reasons too that Section 6-A is destructive of the objective of the ginmill of Corruption Act as it blocks the legality from surfacing, protects those who commit crimes thwarts sovereign investigation and provides a forewarning to corrupt officers as briefly as allegations are made against them. The government argued in vain, as it did in demur of the Single Directive precedent, that officers of the rank of Joint Secretary and above are decision-making officials who inevitable protection against malicious or painful allegations. In the absence of such protection, it was contended, officials may tend to make no decisions, or limit themselves to safe decisions.However, as the amicus curiaepointed out to the judiciary, there was no know instance of harassment of officials between 1997 and 2003, the period in which no such prior approval was essential. Further, other nutriment requiring sanction from the equal self-confidence before commencing prosecution remain intact. The real mischief in the cooking, the lawcourt has noted, is that the very group ofofficers who may be the target of the inquiry get to go under whether the probe should be allowed or not. It has control that where it could be inferred that a corrupt act had taken place, but there is no direct evidence, the expertise to decide whether to begin a probe should remain with the CBI, and not with the g overnment. The verdict thus strengthens the agency in a way the legislature has failed to do over the years. It has restored what it calls the trace tune of Vineet Narain and high you may be, the virtue is above you.Essays on the organization, functions and Role of the resource delegation in IndiaA good electoral system is, therefore, the bed rock of tangible representative government. The architects of the Indian opus link up the highest significance to arzon-dependent electoral machinery for the conduct of elections. For this it was obligatory that an independent election outfit with its big paraphernalia should be set-up in country such a missionary work could start out fair and informal elections of the representatives of the pie at all levels. conditions 324, Dr. Ambedkar contended, proposed commutationise the election machinery in hands of a tout ensembleness commission, be aid by regional commissioners working under the supervision direction control of the election commission and not and under e control of the state government as envisaged ahead.Composition of the alternative CommissionOf the four-spot pillars of the Indian nature, the preference commission is one, the other three being the controlling Court, the public serving commission and the comptroller and attendee General of India. On the election commission depends the integrity of election, which truly is the oxygen of democracy. thusly viewed, its independence d impartiality turn out critical importance to the countrys entire political system. To jibe free and fair and impartial elections, the establishment establishes the preference Commission, a body autonomous in character and free from political orenecutive influence. The commission is an All India body having jurisdiction over, elections to parliament, emergency Legislatures, offices of the chair and vice-president. The alternative Commission consists of the read/write head resource Commissioner, andsu ch number of election Commissioners if any as the president may fix from time to time. The question option Commissioner stands at the apex of the hierarchy of the choice Commission of India. All these commissioners are institute by the president subject to the supply of any equity enacted by parliament for the purpose.The Chief election Commissioner acts as the president of the resource Commission .in parapraxis any other resource Commissioner besides him is positive. The tenure of the Chief option Commissioner is independent of the administrator discretion, for he cannot be removed from his of feel except in the like manner and on the like grounds as a judge of the self-governing Court. The conditions of go of the Chief option Commissioner cannot be vary to his di pensivevantage after his keyment. The president alike promulgated an regularization doctoring the Chief choice Commissioner and other preference Commissioner Act providing for accordant trans action of business and decisions but in case of differences of persuasion among the three members the payoff shall be indomitable gibe to the opinion of the absolute majority. The Chief election Commissioner and other Election Commissioner Act, 1991 as existed before the issue of ordinance was weighed in save of the chief election commissioner on decision making in case of differences among the members of the commission. The makeup provides for a single member or multimember Election Commission.Where there is more than one I members the CEC acts as its chairman. The committee on electoral Reforms has made reliable recommendations with regard to the items and conditions of service Of the Chief Election Commissioner and the other Election Commissioners. After having studied those recommendations the chief Election Commissioners of India conditions of service rules 1972 were amended with introspective, effect from inaugural January 1986. The Chief Election Commissioner of Indi a ordain not be entitled to the salary and other facilities, like rent free accommodation, equivalery to that of a judge of autocratic Court. The term of his office has also been extended upto 6 years, from the envision he assumes office or till the day he at his the age of 65 years. To assist the Chief Election Commissioner in the completeance of his onerous duties there exists a large paraphernalia of the officers and the stave subordinate to him. Among them is the regional commissioner. Deputy Election Commissioner, secretary, chthonic secretary, Research officers etc.In the place of the regional commissioners a new post of Deputy Election Commissioner wascreated in the Election Commission for the outgrowth time in 1956. Since he Deputy Chief Election Commissioner is ordained by the president and is usually sent on deputation, he can be recalled by the central govt, at the request of the chief Election Commissioner at any time. At the state or the union territory level th ere is the Chief Election officer as the kingpin in the electoral machinery. He is put forward by the Election Commission in consultation with the state Govt. He is usually a senior executive or juridical officer of the state Government. He is assisted by the joint deputy or abetter _or_ abettor Chief Election officers as well as the rest of the staff appointed by him in consultation with the state government. He may be a entirely time or part time officer. At the district level the electoral duties are discharged by the regularize officer or the decision maker Officer in addition to his frequent administrative routine.The responsibility for the preparation and revise of electoral rolls is rested in an officer called the electoral Registration officer. He may have under him Assistant electoral Registration officers. The election in every constituency is supervised by an officer known as the reverting officer nominated by the Election commission in consultation with the govt, of the state. The same officer can be nominated as reversive officer r more than one constituencies. He is assisted by one or more assistant Returning Officers so designated by the Election Commission. The staff consisting of presiding and polling officers, for the actual conduct of the poll is appointed by the District Election officer. The District Election Officer may appoint a presiding officer for each polling get off and such polling officers are necessary. The presiding officer keeps redact of the pooling station and ensures the fair conduct of the poll.Functions and agencys of the Election CommissionThe Election Commission of India has to perform multifarious duties assigned to it under the reputation. Some of the principal functions of the commission are(1) limitation of constituenciesTo facilitate the process of elections a country has to be divided into several constituencies. The trade union movement of delimiting constituencies is generally performed by a b post commission. But the force play to delimit parliamentary and assembly constituencies for the first general elections in1951 was conferred on the president. The Election Commission distributed the sit down district wise in each one of the states and directed the Chief electoral Officers to rear proposals for the physical demarcation of constituencies according to the prescribed criteria. The summons adopted in the delimitation of constituencies in 1951 led to a virtual world-beater in the hands of the ruling party to decide the contours of the constituencies as it suited its designs. The association of parliamentary informatory committees with the delimitation commission gave top precedence to political consideration. The Election Commission powerfully pleaded for taking away this power from the parliament. The delimitation commission was to consist of three members, two of whom were to be nominated by the president from serving or retired decide of the imperious Court or H igh Courts while the Chief Election Commissioner was to be an ex-officio member.(2) Electoral RollsThe second important but dumb function of the Election Commission is to prepare for identification the upto date list of all the persons who are entitled for voting at the poll.(3) Recognition of political parties and Allotment of SymbolsA new part IV A has been added to the representation of the people Amendment Act, 1951 on modification of political parties. Section 29 A now inserted provides for registration with the commission, of associations and bodies of individual citizens of India as political parties for purpose of this Act. This provision came into force from June 15, 1989. A recognised political party has been classified either as a National Party or a state party under divide 7 of the Elections symbol order 1968. other important function of the Election Commissioner is to dish up symbols to the political parties and the candidates, and also to accord knowledge to the political parties. The commission has specified certain symbols as reticent and others as free. The reserved symbols are only available for candidates sponsored by the political parties and the free symbols are equally available to other candidates. The Election Commission has power to try out upon disputes with regard to acknowledgement of political parties and antagonist claims to a bad-tempered symbol for the purposes of elections.(4) Scrutiny of the Nomination paperAnother function of the Election Commission is to examine the nominating speech written document of the candidates. These papers are accepted if found in order, but rejected otherwise. This duty is performed by the returning officer who notifies to all the contesting candidates the date, time and place for the formal scrutiny of nomination papers. The Returning officer summarily but judicially examines all the nomination papers and decides the dissent raised. He is also to see whether the requisite requirem ents of security deposit, election symbol, election agent etc. have also been execute. He is empowered to reject the nomination papers either by upholding the objection raised by a rival candidate or on his own motion or any of the by-line (a) that the candidate either is not fitting or is disqualified to fill the butt joint under any of the relevant constituent(a) provisions viz. conditions 84. 102, 173 and 191 (b) that the provision of sections 33 and 34 of the representation of the peoples Act 1951 have not been complied with and (c) that the signature of the candidate or the proposer on the nomination or papers is not genuine.(5) The conduct of the pollAnother colossal task that the Election Commission has to undertake is the conduct of the poll throughout the whole of India. In a parliamentary constituency, the returning officer is to make suitable arrangements for conducting the poll with the prior approval of the Election Commission. The commission can order a Ripoll f or the whole constituency under compulsion of circumstances. denominations 324 confers on the Election Commission necessary powers to conduct the elections including the power to countermand the poll in a constituency and ordering a fresh poll there in because of hooliganism and shimmy down of police and order at the line of polling or counting of votes.(6) Election ExpensesAnother most controversial function that the election commission has perform is no scrutinize the accounts of election expenses submitted by contestants in elections. In India every contesting candidate is required to maintain and file the accounts of his election expenses. indoors a prescribed period after publication of the result of his election in spite of appearance 10 days from the last date of filing the returns the Returning Officer submits to the Election Commission a list of all the candidates and their agents together with theirreturns as also his annotation in respect of candidates who have fail ed to stick to returns in the specified time and a accordance with the procedure prescribed by law of nature. The commission scrutinizes the accounts and dudes whether the returns are in proper form and whether they have been lodged in time. In case of default it notifies the candidates or their agents of there disqualification by publishing these in the official Gazette.Role of the Election CommissionElection is the contrivance through which a modern state creates amongst its citizens a sense of booking and participation in public affairs. It is through popular elections that the situation of a govt, is clouted with legitimacy and peaceful and orderly transfer of authority to new leaders is ensured. For this it was necessary than an independent Election Commission with its vast paraphernalia should be set up in the country. Such a commission would ensure fair and free election of the representatives of the people at all levels. According to L.K. Advani, The Election Commissio n occupies a pivotal place in the scheme of the Indian constitution. During recent years it has willingly or unwillingly abdicated its independent Supra governmental authority and accepted for itself the role of a mere official department charged with the conduct of elections. The relations between CES and the central and state Governments are not cordial. The confrontation and the ensue embarrassment for the Governments as a result of the ruling given by Chief Election Commissioner J.N. Seshan have only been increasing. With a critical evaluation of the working of the Election Commission of India so far as we can now infer that Firstly, the working of the Elections Commission of India during the last four decades has shown that the Election Commission worked independently and impartially, as well as efficiently.Secondly, the Election Commission has fulfilled all the constitutional obligations, and has never tested to go beyond or over step the limits of the constitution. It always worked inwardly the purge work of the constitution. Thirdly, when the Election Commission conducted the first General Election in 1951-52 the electorate were just 17 million but the present strength of the electorate is about 50 crores. The commission, has barely been able to cope with its ever ascent responsibilities. It has the capacity to meet new challenges and confront the situation boldly. Fourthly, although the faithof the people in democracy, its institutions and political parties has eroded but their faith in the Election Commission has all the more strengthened or fortified. According to the Election Commission, the very fact that in almost all states the ruling parties have suffer setbacks shows that the elections have been free and fair. It has given the lie to the wide spread phrase of faith that the party in power will use official machinery and influence the voters in its favour.Essays on the doctrine of Judicial look into under the Indian constitutionThe powe r of Judiciary to go over and determine lustiness of a law or an order may be described as the power of Judicial examine. It retrieves that the constitution is the irresponsible law of the land and any law in consistent there with is void. The term refers to the power of a speak to to inquire whether a law executive order or other official action conflicts with the written constitution and if the address concludes that it does, to declare it unconstitutional and void.Judicial recapitulation has two prime functions(1) Legitimizing government action and (2) to protect the constitution against any undue encroachment by the government. The most classifiable feature of the work of United States autonomous Court is its power of judicial canvas. As guardian of the constitution, the Supreme Court has to critical retread the laws and executive orders to ensure that they do not violate the constitution of the country and the valid laws passed by the congress. The power of judicial check over was first acquired by the Supreme Court in Marbury vs. Madison case. 1803. The constitution of India, in this respect, is more a kin to the U.S. Constitution than the British. In Britain, the doctrine of parliamentary victory still holds goods. No tribunal of law there can declare a parliamentary enactment invalid. On the irrelevant every butterfly is constrained to go for every provision of the law of parliament. Under the constitution of India parliament is not Supreme. Its powers are limited in the two ways. First, there is the family of powers between the union and the states.Parliament is adequate to pass laws only with respect to those subjects which are guaranteed to the citizens against every form of legislative encroachment. Being the guardian native repairs and the ump of-constitutional conflicts between the union and the states with respect to the division of powers between them, the Supreme Court stands in a unique position where from it is competent to exercise the power of polish uping legislative enactments both of parliament and the state legislatures. This is what makes the court a powerful instrument of judicial review under the constitution. As Dr. M.P. Jain has rightly observed The doctrine of judicial review is thus firmly rooted in India, and has the explicit sanction of the constitution. In the fabric of a constitution which guarantees individual unsounded Rights, divides power between the union and the states and distinctly defines and delimits the powers and functions of every organ of the stat including the parliament, judiciary plays a very important role under their powers of judicial review. The power of judicial review of economy is given to the judiciary both by the political theory and school text of the constitution.There are several precise provisions in the Indian constitution, judicial review of legislation such as Act 13, 32, 131-136, 143, 226, 145, 246, 251, 254 and 372. member 372 (1) establi shes the judicial review of the pre-constitutional legislation similarly. denomination 13 specializedally declares that any law which contravenes any of the provision of the part of wakeless Rights shall be void. Even our Supreme Court has observed, even without the specific provisions in Article 13. The court would have the power to declare any enactment which transgresses a radical Right as invalid. The Supreme and high courts are constituted the protector and guarantor of Fundamental Rights under Articles 32 and 226. Articles 251 and 254 say that in case of in consistent if between union and state laws, the state law shall be void. The basic function of the courts is to adjudicate disputed between individuals and the state, between the states and the union and while so adjudicating, the courts may be required to interpret the provisions of the constitution and the laws, and the interpretation given by the Supreme Court becomes the law honoured by all courts of the land.There is no appeal against the nous of the Supreme Court. In Shankari Prasad vs. Union of India (1951) the first Amendment Act of 1951 was challenged before the Supreme Court on the ground that the said Act quashd the right to property and that it could not be done as there was a restriction on the amendment of Fundamental Rights under Article 13 (2). The Supreme Court rejected the contention and nem conheld. The terms of Article 368 are utterly general and empower parliament to amend the constitution without any exception whatever. In the context of Article 13 law must be taken to mean rules or regulations made in exercise of unremarkable legislative power and amendments to the constitution made in exercise of member power, with the result that Article 13 (2) does not affect amendments made under Article 368. In Sajan Singhs case (1964), the corupetence of parliament to enact 17th amendment was challenged before the constitution. terrace comprising of five judges on the ground tha t it violated the Fundamental Rights under Article 31 (A).Supreme court reiterated its earlier stand taken in Shankari sads case and held, when phrase 368 confers on parliament the right to amend the constitution the power in question can be exercised over all the provisions of the constitution, it would be unreason about to hold that the word law in article 13 (2) takes in amendment Acts passed under article 368. Thus, until 1967 the Supreme Court held that the Amendment Acts were not ordinary laws, and could not be struck down by the application of article 13 (2). The historic case of Golak Nath vs. The state of Punjab (1967) was comprehend by a special judicial system of 11 judges as the inclemency of three constitutional amendments (1st, 4th and 17th) was challenged.The Supreme Court by a majority of 6 to 5 reversed its earlier decision and tell that parliament under article 368 has no power to take away or abridge the Fundamental Rights trained in chapter II of the consti tution the court observed. (1) Article 368 only provides a procedure to be followed regarding amendment of the constitution. (2) Article 368 does not contain the actual power to amend the constitution. (3) The power to amend the constitution is derived from Article 245, 246 and 248 and origination 97 of the union list. (4) The expression law as defined in Article 13 (3) includes not only the law made by the parliament in exercise of its ordinary legislative power but also an amendment of the constitution made in exercise of its constitution power.(5) The amendment of the constitution being a law deep down the meaning of Article 13 (3) would be void under Article 13 (2) of it takes away or abridges the rights conferred by part tether of the constitution. (6) The First Amendment Act 1951, the fourthly Amendment Act 1955 and the seventeenth Amendment Act. 1964 abridge the context of Fundamental Rights and, therefore, void under Article 13 (2) of the constitution. (7) Parliament wi ll have no power from the days of thedecision to amend any of the provisions of part triad of the constitution so as to take away or abridge the Fundamental Rights enshrined there in. The constitutional hardship of the 14th, 25th, and 29th Amendments was challenged in the Fundamental Rights case.The Govt. of India claimed that it had the right as a matter of law to change or take down the entire fabric of the constitution through the instrumentation of parliaments amending power. In Minerva move case (1980) the Supreme Court by A majority decision has automobile trunk down section 4 of the forty-second Amendment Act which gave preponderance to the Directive Principles over Articles 24, 19 and 31 of part III of the constitution, on the ground that part III and part IV of the constitution are equally important and absolute primacy of one over the other is not permissible as that would disturb the harmony of the constitution. The Supreme Court was convinced that anything that des troys the balance between the two part will ipsoTacto destroy an essential element of the basic grammatical construction of our constitution.Judicial Review of Legislative human action and ordinancesOne of the first major case A.K. Gopalan Vs. State of Madras. 1951 that came up before the Supreme Court in which the preventive intent Act, 1950 was challenged as invalid. The court by a unanimous decision declared section 14 of the Act invalid and thus manifested its competence to declare void any parliamentary enactment repugnant to the provisions of the constitution. In Champakan Dorairajans case, the Supreme Court held that the order of the state government fixture proportionate scales, for different communities for admission to checkup colleges was unconstitutional. The presidential order de-recognising privy purses was also challenged in the Supreme Court which declared the order as unconstitutional and void. amidst 1950-1980 parliament passed as many as 1977 Acts and out of them, the Supreme Court call off laws passed on 22 occasions.Principles of Judicial ReviewJustice VS Deshpande in his book propounded a thesis that Judicial Review of legislation in India should rest merely on Article 245 (1) and not on Article 13. According to him, Article 245 (1) interpreted slackly would ensure the supremacy of the constitution over all kinds of laws. Thus, a law to be valid must conform with the constitutional forms. The graveresponsibility of deciding upon the severeness of laws, is laid up on the judges of the Supreme Court. If a statue isnt within the scope of legislative authority or it offends some constitutional restriction or prohibition, that statue is unconstitutional and hence invalid. The Statue is not held unconstitutional by the court in a light vein. Both the felt necessities of the time and constitutional fundamentals are equilibrate by the court.Accordingly, the Supreme Court has evolved certain canons, making and norms. H.M. Leervai has enu merated following rules in this regard. (1) There is a presumption in favour of constitutionality, and a law will not be declared unconstitutional unless the case is so clear as to be free from doubt and the on us to prove that it is unconstitutional lies upon the person who challenges it. (2) Where the hardship of a statue is questioned and there are two interpretations, one of which would make the law valid, and the other void, the former must be preferred and the validity of the law upheld. (3) The court will not decide constitutional questions of a case is capable of being decided on other grounds. (4) The court will not decide a big constitutional question than is required by the case before it. (5) The court will not hear an objection as to the constitutionality of a law by a person whose rights are not affected by it.(6) Ordinarily, courts should not pronounce on the validity of an Act or part of an Act, which has not been brought into force, because till then the question of validity would be merely academic. Indian judiciary has been able to overcome the restrictions that were put on it by the 42nd amendment, with the help of the 43rd and 44th amendments. Now the save quality of Indian judiciary is that no future governments could did its wings or veer its right of Judicial Review. In fact, now the Judicial Review is considered to be the basic feature of out constitution.